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Its Algorithms and Performance The authors test three mass-market design drivers on a chip developed expressly for a new role as a combined GPS and Galileo consumer receiver: the time-to-first-fix for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations; sensitivity in harsh environments, exploiting a simulated land mobile satellite multipath channel and different user dynamics; and power consumption strategies, particularly duty-cycle tracking. By Nicola Linty, Paolo Crosta, Philip G. Mattos, and Fabio Pisoni The two main GNSS receiver market segments, professional high-precision receivers and mass-market/consumer receivers, have very different structure, objectives, features, architecture, and cost. Mass-market receivers are produced in very high volume — hundreds of millions for smartphones and tablets — and sold at a limited price, and in-car GNSS systems represent a market of tens of millions of units per year. The reason for these exploding markets can be found not only in the improvements in electronics and integration, but also in the increasing availability of new GNSS signals. In coming years, with Galileo, QZSS, BeiDou, GPS-L1C, and GLONASS-CDMA all on the way, the silicon manufacturer must continue the path towards the fully flexible multi-constellation mass-market receiver. Mass-market receivers feature particular signal processing techniques, different from the acquisition and tracking techniques of standard GNSS receivers, in order to comply with mobile and consumer devices’ resources and requirements. However, a limited documentation is present in the open literature concerning consumer devices’ algorithms and techniques; besides a few papers, all the know-how is protected by patents, held by the main manufacturers, and mainly focused on the GPS L1 C/A signal. We investigate and prove the feasibility of such techniques by semi-analytical and Monte Carlo simulations, outlining the estimators sensitivity and accuracy, and by tests on real Galileo IOV signals. To understand, analyze, and test this class of algorithms, we implemented a fully software GNSS receiver, running on a personal computer. It can process hardware- and software-simulated GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1BC signals, as well as real signals, down-converted at intermediate frequency (IF), digitalized and stored in memory by a front-end/bit grabber; it can also output standard receiver parameters: code delay, Doppler frequency, carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/N0), phase, and navigation message. The software receiver is fully configurable, extremely flexible, and represents an important tool to assess performance and accuracy of selected techniques in different circumstances. Code-Delay Estimation The code-delay estimation is performed in the software receiver by a parallel correlation unit, giving as output a multi-correlation with a certain chip spacing. This approach presents some advantages, mostly the fact that the number of correlation values that can be provided is thousands of times greater, compared to a standard receiver channel. Use of multiple correlators increases multipath-rejection capabilities, essential features in mass-market receivers, especially for positioning in urban scenarios. The multi-correlation output is exploited to compute the received signal code delay with an open-loop strategy and then to compute the pseudorange. In the simulations performed, the multi-correlation has a resolution of 1/10 of a chip, which is equivalent to 30 meters for the signals in question; to increase the estimate accuracy, Whittaker-Shannon interpolation is performed on the equally spaced points of the correlation function belonging to the correlation peak. The code-delay estimate accuracy is reported in Figures 1 and 2. The results are obtained with Monte Carlo simulations on simulated GNSS signals, with sampling frequency equal to 16.3676 MHz. In particular, a GPS L1 C/A signal is considered, affected by constant Doppler frequency equal to zero for the observation period, to avoid the effect of dynamics. The figures show the standard deviation of the code estimation error, that is, the difference between the estimated code delay and the true one, expressed in meters (pseudorange error standard deviation) for different values of C/N0. To evaluate the quality of the results, the theoretical delay locked loop (DLL) tracking jitter is plotted for comparison, as where Bn is the code loop noise bandwidth, Rc is the chipping rate, Bfe is the single sided front-end bandwidth, Tc is the coherent integration time, and c is the speed of light. In the two figures, the red curve shows the theoretical tracking jitter for a DLL, which can be considered as term of comparison for code-delay estimation. To correlate the results, a E-L spacing equal to D = 0.2 chip is chosen, and the code-delay error values of the software receiver simulation are filtered with a moving average filter. By averaging 0.5 seconds of data (for example, L = 31 values spaced 16 milliseconds), an equivalent closed-loop bandwidth of about 1 Hz can be obtained: In particular, in Figure 1, a coherent integration time equal to 1 millisecond (ms) and 16 non-coherent sums are considered, while in Figure 2 a coherent integration time equal to 4 ms and 16 non-coherent sums, spanning a total time T=64 ms, are considered. In both cases, the software receiver results are extremely good for high C/N0. The code-delay error estimate is slightly higher than its equivalent in the DLL formulation. The open-loop estimation error notably increases in the first case below 40 dB-Hz due to strong outliers, whose probability of occurrence depends on the C/N0. In fact, this effect is smoothed in the second case, where the coherent integration time is four times larger, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 1. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=1 ms , T=16 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Figure 2. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=4 ms, T=64 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Nevertheless, the comparison between open loop multi-correlation approach and closed loop DLL is difficult and approximate, because the parameters involved are different and the results are only qualitative. Doppler Frequency Estimation In the particular case of the software receiver developed here, the residual Doppler frequency affecting the GNSS signal is estimated by means of a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) on a snapshot of samples, exploiting open-loop strategy. In fact, despite the higher standard deviation of the frequency error (jitter), open-loop processing offers improved tracking sensitivity, higher tracking robustness against fading and interference, and better stability when increasing the coherent integration time. In addition, the open-loop approach does not require the design of loop filters, avoiding problems with loop stability. A certain number of successive correlator values, computed in the multiple correlations block, are combined in a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and interpolated. Figure 3 shows the root mean square error (RMSE) of the frequency estimate versus signal C/N0, obtained collecting 16 coherent accumulations of 4 ms of a Galileo E1B signal, then computing a 16 points FFT spanning a time interval of 64 ms, and finally refining the result with an interpolation technique. Three different curves are shown, corresponding respectively to: the RMSE derived from simulations, carried out with GNSS data simulated with the N-FUELS signal generator; a semi-analytical estimation, exploiting the same algorithm; the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for frequency estimation, shown as where fs is the sampling frequency. Figure 3. Doppler frequency estimate RMSE versus C/N0 in super-high resolution with T=64 ms, comparison between theoretical and simulated results. A well-known drawback is the so-called threshold effect. Below a certain C/N0, the frequency estimate computed with MLE suffers from an error, and the RMSE increases with respect to the CRLB. Mass-Market Design Drivers Once we have analyzed the features of some mass-market algorithms with a software receiver, we can move toward the performance of a real mass-market device, to compare results and confirm improvements brought by the new Galileo signals, so far mainly known from a theoretical point of view. A recent survey identified three main drivers in the design of a mass-market receiver, coming directly from user needs, and solvable in different ways. Time-to-first-fix (TTFF) corresponds to how fast a position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution is available after the receiver is powered on, that is, the time that a receiver takes to acquire and track a minimum of four satellites, and to obtain the necessary information from the demodulated navigation data bits or from other sources. Capability in hostile environments, for example while crossing an urban canyon or when hiking in a forest, is measured in terms of sensitivity. It can be verified by decreasing the received signal strength and/or adding multipath models. Power consumption of the device. GNSS chipset is in general very demanding and can produce a not-negligible battery drain. We analyzed these three drivers with a commercial mass-market receiver and with the software receiver. Open-Sky TTFF Analysis TTFF depends on the architecture of the receiver, for example the number of correlators or the acquisition strategy, on the availability of assistance data, such as rough receiver position and time or space vehicles’ (SV) ephemeris data, and on the broadcast navigation message structure. Some receivers, like the one used here for testing, embed an acquisition engine that can be activated on request and assures a low acquisition time; moreover, they implement ephemeris extension. In contrast, other consumer receiver manufacturers exploit a baseband-configurable processing unit, similar to the one implemented in the software receiver, with thousands of parallel correlators generating a multi-correlator output with configurable spacing, depending on the accuracy required. By selecting an appropriate number of correlators, depending on the available assistance data and on the accuracy required, the TTFF consequently varies. We assessed the performance of the receiver under test for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations, exploiting hardware-simulated GNSS data. Good results are achieved, especially when introducing Galileo signals. Figure 4 reports the hot-start TTFF for different C/N0 values in the range 25–53 dB-Hz, computed using the receiver. The receiver, connected to a signal generator, is configured in dual-constellation mode (GPS and Galileo) and carries out 40 TTFF trials, with a random delay between 15 and 45 seconds. In a standard additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in hot-start conditions, the results mainly depend on the acquisition strategy and on the receiver availability of correlators and acquisition engines. In an ideal case with open-sky conditions and variable C/N0, the introduction of a second constellation only slightly improves the TTFF performance; this result cannot be generalized since it mainly depends on the acquisition threshold of the receiver, which can change using signals of different constellations. In real-world conditions, the situation can vary. Figure 4. Hot start TTFF for Galileo+GPS configuration versus C/N0 using the test receiver. Cold Start. Secondly, we analyze TTFF differences due to the different structure of GPS and Galileo navigation messages. The I/NAV message of the Galileo E1 signal and the data broadcast by GPS L1 C/A signals contain data related to satellite clock, ephemeris, and GNSS time: parameters relevant to the position fix since they describe the position of the satellite in its orbit, its clock error, and the transmission time of the received message. Table 1 shows some results in the particular case of cold start, with an ideal open-sky AWGN scenario. The TTFF is significantly lower when using Galileo satellites: while the mean TTFF when tracking only GPS satellites is equal to about 31.9 seconds (s), it decreases to 24.7 s when considering only Galileo satellites, and to 22.5 s in the case of dual constellation. Similarly, the minimum and maximum TTFF values are lower when tracking Galileo satellites. The 95 percent probability values confirm the theoretical expectations. Again, in the ideal case with open-sky conditions, the results with two constellations are quite similar to the performance of the signal with faster TTFF. However, in non-ideal conditions, use of multiple constellations represents a big advantage and underlines the importance of developing at least dual-constellation mass-market receivers. Table 1. Comparison between TTFF (in seconds) in cold start for different constellation combinations. Furthermore, it is interesting to analyze in more detail the case of a GPS and Galileo joint solution. GPS and Galileo system times are not synchronized, but differ by a small quantity, denoted as the GPS-Galileo Time Offset (GGTO). When computing a PVT solution with mixed signals, three solutions are possible: to estimate it as a fifth unknown, to read it from the navigation message, or to use pre-computed value. In the first case it is not necessary to rely on the information contained in the navigation message, eventually reducing the TTFF. However, five satellites are required to solve the five unknowns, and this is not always the case in urban scenarios or harsh environments, as will be proved below. On the contrary, in the second case, it is necessary to obtain the GGTO information from the navigation message, and since it appears only once every 30 seconds, in the worst case it is necessary to correctly demodulate 30 seconds of data. Both approaches show benefits and disadvantages, depending on the environment. The receiver under test exploits the second solution: in this case, it is possible to see an increase in the average TTFF when using a combination of GPS and Galileo, due to the demodulation of more sub-frames of the broadcast message. Sensitivity: Performance in Harsh Environments Harsh environment is the general term used to describe those scenarios in which open sky and ideal propagation conditions are not fulfilled. It can include urban canyons, where the presence of high buildings limits the SV visibility and introduces multipath; denied environments, where unintentional interference may create errors in the processing; or sites where shadowing of line-of-sight (LoS) path is present, for example due to trees, buildings, and tunnels. In these situations it is necessary to pay particular attention to the signal-processing stage; performance is in general reduced up to the case in which the receiver is not able to compute a fix. A first attempt to model such an environment has been introduced in the 3GPP standard together with the definition of A-GNSS minimum performance requirements for user equipment supporting other A-GNSSs than GPS L1 C/A, or multiple A-GNSSs which may or may not include GPS L1 C/A. The standard test cases support up to three different constellations; in dual-constellation case it foresees three satellites in view for each constellation with a horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) ranging from 1.4 to 2.1. To perform TTFF and sensitivity tests applying the 3GPP standard test case, we configured a GNSS simulator scenario with the following characteristics, starting from the nominal constellation: Six SVs: three GPS (with PRN 6,7, 21) and three Galileo (with code number 4, 11, 23); HDOP in the range 1.4 – 2.1; nominal power as per corresponding SIS-ICD; user motion, with a heading direction towards 90° azimuth, at a constant speed of 5 kilometers/hour (km/h). In addition to limiting the number of satellites, we introduced a narrowband multipath model. The multi-SV two-states land mobile satellite (LMS) model simulator generated fading time series representative of an urban environment. The model includes two states: a good state, corresponding to LOS condition or light shadowing; a bad state, corresponding to heavy shadowing/blockage. Within each state, a Loo-distributed fading signal is assumed. It includes a slow fading component (lognormal fading) corresponding to varying shadowing conditions of the direct signal, and a fast fading component due to multipath effects. In particular, the last version of the two-state LMS simulator is able to generate different but correlated fading for each single SV, according to its elevation and azimuth angle with respect to the user position: the angular separation within satellites is crucial, since it affects the correlation of the received signals. This approach is based on a master–slave concept, where the state transitions of several slave satellites are modeled according to their correlation with one master satellite, while neglecting the correlation between the slave satellites. The nuisances generated are then imported in the simulator scenario, to timely control phase and amplitude of each simulator channel. Using this LMS scenario, the receiver’s performance in harsh environments has been then verified with acquisition (TTFF) and tracking tests. The TTFF was estimated with about 50 tests, in hot, warm, and cold start, first using both GPS and Galileo satellites, and then using only one constellation. In the second case only the 2D fix is considered, since, according to the scenario described, at maximum three satellites are in view. Table 2 reports the results for the dual-constellation case: in hot start the average TTFF is about 8 s, and it increases to 36 s and 105 s respectively for the warm and cold cases. Clearly the results are much worse than in the case reported earlier of full open-sky AWGN conditions. In this scenario only six satellites are available at maximum; moreover, the presence of multipath and fading affects the results, and they exhibit a larger variance, because of the varying conditions of the scenario. Table 2. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting GPS and Galileo constellations in harsh environments. Table 3 shows similar results, but for the GPS-only case. In this case the receiver was configured to track only GPS satellites. The mean TTFF increases both in the hot and in the warm case, whereas in cold start it is not possible compute a 2D fix with only three satellites; the ambiguity of the solution cannot be solved if an approximate position solution is not available. It may seem unfair to compare a scenario with three satellites and one with six satellites. However, it can be assumed that this is representative of what happens in limited-visibility conditions, where a second constellation theoretically doubles the number of satellites in view. Table 3. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting only GPS constellations in harsh environments. The results confirm the benefits of dual-constellation mass-market receivers in harsh environments where the number of satellites in view can be very low. Making use of the full constellation of Galileo satellites will allow mass-market receivers to substantially increase performances in these scenarios. Tracking.We carried out a 30-minute tracking test with both the receiver and the software receiver model. Both were able to acquire the six satellites and to track them, even with some losses of lock (LoLs) due to fading and multipath reflections. Figure 5 shows the number of satellites in tracking state in the receiver at every second, while Figure 6 shows the HDOP as computed by the receiver. When all six satellites are in tracking state, the HDOP lies in the range 1.4 – 2.1, as defined in the simulation scenario; on the contrary, as expected, in correspondence with a LoL it increases. Figure 6. HDOP computed by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Figure 7 compares the signal power generated by the simulator and the power estimated by the receiver, in the case of GPS PRN 7 and Galileo code number 23. This proves the tracking capability of the receiver also for high sensitivity. To deal with low-power signals, the integration time is extended both for GPS and for Galileo, using the pilot tracking mode in the latter case. Figure 7. C/N0 estimate computed by the receiver in harsh environments and compared with the signal power. Figures 8 and 9 show respectively the position and the velocity solution. In the first case latitude, longitude, and altitude are plotted, while in the second case the receiver speed estimate in km/h is reported. Figure 8. Test receiver position solution in LMS scenario. Figure 9. Test receiver velocity solution in LMS scenario. In this framework it is possible to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using the broadcast GGTO when computing a mixed GPS and Galileo position. When the LMS channel conditions are good, all six SVs in view are in tracking state, as shown in Figure 5. However, when the fading becomes important, the number is reduced to only two satellites. If the receiver is designed to extract the GGTO from the navigation message, then a PVT solution is possible also when only four satellites are in tracking state, that is for 90 percent of the time in this specific case. On the contrary, if the GGTO has to be estimated, one more satellite is required, and this condition is satisfied only 57 percent of the time, strongly reducing the probability of having a fix. Nevertheless, estimating the GGTO requires the correct demodulation of the navigation message, and this is possible only if the signal is good enough for a sufficient time. Figure 5. Number of satellites tracked by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Power-Saving Architectures The final driver for mass-market receivers design is represented by power consumption. Particularly for chips suited for portable devices running on batteries, power drain represents one of the most important design criteria. To reduce at maximum the power consumption, chip manufacturers have adopted various solutions. Most are based on the concept that, contrarily to a classic GNSS receiver, a mass-market receiver is not required to constantly compute a PVT solution. In fact, most of the time, GNSS chipsets for consumer devices are only required to keep updated information on approximate time and position and to download clock corrections and ephemeris data with a proper time rate, depending on the navigation message type and the adopted extended ephemeris algorithm. Then, when asked, the receiver can quickly provide a position fix. By reducing the computational load of the device during waiting mode, power consumption is reduced proportionally. To better understand advantages and disadvantages of power saving techniques, some of them have been studied and analyzed in detail. In particular, the algorithm implemented in the software receiver model is based on two different receiver states: an active state, in which all receiver parts are activated, as in a standard receiver, and a sleep state, where the receiver is not operating at all. In the sleep state, the GNSS RF module, GNSS baseband, and digital signal processor core are all switched off. By similarity to a square wave, these types of tracking algorithms are also called duty-cycle (DC) algorithms. Exploiting the software approach’s flexibility, we can test the effect of two important design parameters: sleep period length; minimum active period length. Their setting is not trivial and depends on the channel conditions, on the signal strength, on the number of satellites in view, on the user dynamics, and finally on the required accuracy. In the software receiver simulations performed, the active mode length is fixed to 64 ms: the receiver collects 16 correlation values with coherent integration time equal to 4 ms, to perform frequency estimation as described above. Then it switches to sleep state for 936 ms, until a real-time clock (RTC) wake-up initiates the next full-power state. In this way a fix is available at the rate of 1 s, as summarized in Figure 10. However, there are some situations where the receiver may stay in full-power mode, for example during the initialization phase, to collect important data from the navigation message, such as the ephemeris, and to perform RTC calibration. Figure 10. Duty cycle tracking pattern in the software receiver simulations. There are benefits of using this approach coupled to Galileo signals: the main impact is the usage of the pilot codes. Indeed, a longer integration time allows reducing the active period length, which most impacts the total power consumption, being usually performed at higher repetition rate. Some simulations were carried out to assess the performance of DC algorithms in the software receiver. While in hardware implementations the direct benefit is the power computation, in a software implementation it is not possible to see such an improvement. The reduced power demand is translated into a shorter processing time for each single-processing channel. The DC approach can facilitate the implementation of a real-time or quasi-real-time software receiver. The main drawback of using techniques based on DC tracking is the decrease of the rate of observables and PVT solution. However, this depends on the application; for some, a solution every second is more than enough. Real-Signal Results On March 12, 2013, for the first time the four Galileo IOV satellites were broadcasting a valid navigation message at the same time. From 9:02 CET, all the satellites were visible at ESTEC premises, and the first position fix of latitude, longitude, and altitude took place at the TEC Navigation Laboratory at ESTEC (ESA) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. At the same time, we were able to acquire, track, and compute one of the first Galileo-only mobile navigation solutions, using the receiver under test. Thanks to its small size and portability, it was installed on a mobile test platform, embedded in ESA’s Telecommunications and Navigation Testbed vehicle. Using a network connection, we could follow, from the Navigation Lab, the real-time position of the van moving around ESTEC. Figure 11 shows the van’s track, obtained by post processing NMEA data stored by the receiver evaluation board. The accuracy achieved in these tests met all the theoretical expectations, taking into account the limited infrastructure deployed so far. In addition, the results obtained with the receiver have to be considered preliminary, since its firmware supporting Galileo was in an initial test phase (for example, absence of a proper ionospheric model, E1B-only tracking). Figure 11. Galileo-only mobile fix, computed on March 12, 2013. Conclusions Analysis of a receiver’s test results confirms the theoretical benefits of Galileo OS signals concerning TTFF and sensitivity. Future work will include the evolution of the software receiver model and a detailed analysis of power-saving tracking capabilities, with a comparison of duty-cycle tracking techniques in open loop and in closed loop. Acknowledgments This article reflects solely the authors’ views and by no means represents official European Space Agency or Galileo views. The article is based on a paper first presented at ION GNSS+ 2013. Research and test campaigns related to this work took place in the framework of the ESA Education PRESTIGE programme, thanks to the facilities provided by the ESA TEC-ETN section. The LMS multipath channel model was developed in the frame of the MiLADY project, funded by the ARTES5.1 Programme of the ESA Telecommunications and Integrated Applications Directorate. Manufacturers The tests described here used the STMicroelectronics Teseo II receiver chipset and a Spirent signal simulator. Nicola Linty is a Ph.D. student in electronics and telecommunications at Politecnico di Torino. In 2013 he held an internship at the European Space Research and Technology Centre of ESA. Paolo Crosta is a radio navigation system engineer at the ESA TEC Directorate where he provides support to the EGNOS and Galileo programs. He received a MSc degree in telecommunications engineering from the University of Pisa. Philip G. Mattos received an external Ph.D. on his GPS work from Bristol University. He leads the STMicroelectronics team on L1C and BeiDou implementation, and the creation of totally generic hardware that can handle even future unknown systems. Fabio Pisoni has been with the GNSS System Team at STMicroelectronics since 2009. He received a master’s degree in electronics from Politecnico di Milano, Italy.

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Energizer tsa9-050120wu ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a used -(+) 1x 3.5mm.targus apa63us ac adapter 15v-24v 90w power supply universal use,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,sc02 is an upgraded version of sc01,konica minolta bc-600 4.2v dc 0.8a camera battery charger 100-24,

,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,ap 2700 ac dc adapter 5.2v 320ma power supply.microtip photovac e.o.s 5558 battery charger 16.7vdc 520ma class.digipos retail blade psu2000 power supply 24vdc 8.33a ac adapter.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“.acbel ap13ad03 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a power supply laptop api-76.fujitsu ca01007-0520 ac adapter 16v dc 2.7a new 4.5x6x9.7mm,toshiba pa2426u ac adapter 15vdc 1.4a used -(+) 3x6.5mm straight,wifi network jammer using kali linux introduction websploit is an open source project which is used to scan and analysis remote system in order to find various type of vulnerabilites,innergie adp-90rd aa ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+) 2pin femal,am-12200 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma direct plug in transformer unit,hengguang hgspchaonsn ac adapter 48vdc 1.8a used cut wire power.samsung j-70 ac adapter 5vdc 1a mp3 charger used 100-240v 1a 50/.replacement st-c-075-12000600ct ac adapter 12vdc 4.5-6a -(+) 2.5.kenwood w08-0657 ac adapter 4.5vdc 600ma used -(+) 1.5x4x9mm 90°,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,delta tadp-24ab a ac adapter 8vdc 3a used -(+) 1.5x5.5x9mm 90° r,moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,pa3201u-1aca ac adapter 15v 5a laptop power supply.hp compaq hstnn-la09 pa-1151-03hh ac adapter19v dc 7.89a new 5,mobile phone/cell phone jammer circuit.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,gameshark 8712 ac dc adapter 5v 2a power supply.3com p48240600a030g ac adapter 24vdc 600ma used -(+)- 2x5.5mm cl,ibm pscv 360107a ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a used 4pin 9mm mini din 10,tyco 97433 rc car 6v nicd battery charger works with most 6.0v r,hi capacity ea10952b ac adapter 15-24vdc 5a 90w -(+) 3x6.5mm pow,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,jabra acw003b-05u ac adapter used 5vdc 0.18a usb connector wa,qualcomm cxdtc051 ac adapter 8.4dc 1025ma ac power supply,sil ssa-12w-09 us 090120f ac adapter 9vdc 1200ma used -(+) 2x5.5,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,sanyo 51a-2846 ac adapter used +(-) 9vdc 150ma 90degree round ba,ite up30430 ac adapter +12v 2a -12v 0.3a +5v dc 3a 5pin power su.toshibapa-1900-24 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w pa3516a-1ac3 powe.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings,safe & warm 120-16vd7p c-d7 used power supply controller 16vdc 3,kodak k620 value charger for aa and aaa size batteries,hp f1 455a ac adapter 19v 75w - ---c--- + used 2.5 x 5.4 x 12.3,apple m5849 ac adapter 28vdc 8.125a 4pin 10mm 120vac used 205w p,dymo tead-48-2460600u ac adapter 24vdc 600ma used -(+)- 90 degre,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.axis sa120a-0530-c ac adapter 5.1vdc 2000ma used -(+) 0.9x3.5x9m,all these functions are selected and executed via the display.p-056a rfu adapter power supply for use with playstation brick d.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,energizer pl-7526 ac adapter6v dc 1a new -(+) 1.5x3.7x7.5mm 90,airlink wrg10f-120a ac adapter 12vdc 0.83a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° powe,powerbox ma15-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm,brother ad-24es-us ac adapter 9vdc 1.6a 14.4w used +(-) 2x5.5x10,phihong psa65u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a 4 pin molex 100-240vac sw.replacement pa3201u-1aca ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a power supply tosh,car auto charger dc adapter 10.5v dc,toshiba ap13ad03 ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm rou.sony ac-l10a ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.5a used flat 2pin camera charge,pa-1121-02hd replacement ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a laptop power supp.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,lien chang lcap07f ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm strai.zhongshan p1203e ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round b,metro lionville fw 7218m/12 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+) used 2x5.5m,due to the high total output power,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,finecom ah-v420u ac adapter 12v 2.5a power supply.#1 jammer (best overall) escort zr5 laser shifter,compaq le-9702a ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-2,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.netbit dsc-51f-52p us ac adapter 5.2v 1a switching power supply.wahl dhs-24,26,28,29,35 heat-spy ac adapter dc 7.5v 100ma,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g).finecom ky-05036s-12 ac adpter 12vdc 5v dc 2a 5pin 9mm mini din.the sharper image ma040050u ac adapter 4vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1x3.4.premium power pa3083u-1aca ac adapter 15v dc 5a power supply.chc announced today the availability of chc geomatics office (cgo),arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,kvh’s new geo-fog 3d inertial navigation system (ins) continuously provides extremely accurate measurements that keep applications operating in challenging conditions,artesyn ssl12-7630 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+) 2x5.5mm used 91-5,dechang long-0910b ac dc adapter 9v dc 1a 2 x 5.5 x 10.2mm used,oem ads18b-w 120150 ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm strai.liteon pa-1600-2-rohs ac adapter 12vdc 5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9.7m.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,sceptre ad2405g ac adapter 5vdc 3.8a used 2.2 x 5.6 x 12.1 mm -(,spec lin sw1201500-w01 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a shield wire new,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space.sima sup-60 universal power adapter 9.5v 1.5a for camcorder.hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada,vtech s004lu0750040(1)ac adapter 7.5vdc 3w -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round.leinu70-1120520 ac adapter 12vdc 5.2a ite power supply desktop,casio ad-12ul ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma +(-) 1.5x5.5mm 90° 120vac,mayday tech ppp014s replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 4.9a used.wahl adt-1 ac adapter 1.2vdc 2000ma used -(+) 0.9x3.7x7.5mm roun,ppp003sd replacement ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a laptop power supply r,d-link psac05a-050 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round.we have designed a system having no match.

Single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources,hp compaq ppp012d-s ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+) round barre,component telephone 350903003ct ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+),armaco a274 ac dc adapter 24v 200ma 10w power supply.hp 0950-3195 ac adapter 5vdc 3a 3.3vdc 1.6a 8pin power supply.in-li yl-12-12 ac adapter 12vac 12va used ~(~) 2pin din female p,ilan f1560 (n) ac adapter 12vdc 2.83a -(+) 2x5.5mm 34w i.t.e pow,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,samsung tad037ebe ac adapter used 5vdc 0.7a travel charger power,lighton pb-1200-1m01 ac adapter 5v 4a switching ac power supply,phihong psa31u-050 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 1.3x3.5mm -(+) used 100-24.rayovac ps8 9vdc 16ma class 2 battery charger used 120vac 60hz 4,finecom pa-1300-04 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a laptop's power sup,cui stack sa-121a0f-10 12v dc 1a -(+)- 2.2x5.5mm used power supp,ati eadp-20fb a ac adapter 5vdc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm new delta elec.ryobi c120d battery charger 12vdc lithium li-ion nicd dual chemi.toshiba pa2450u ac adapter 15v dc 3a 45w new power supply.military camps and public places.find here mobile phone jammer,cisco aa25480l ac adapter 48vdc 380ma used 2.5x5.5mm 90° -(+) po,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,ksas0100500150hu ac adapter5v dc 1.5a new -(+) 1.5x4x8.7 stra.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.cool-lux ad-1280 ac adapter 12vdc 800ma battery charger,motorola bb6510 ac adapter mini-usb connector power supply car c.deer ad1812g ac adapter 10 13.5vdc 1.8a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° power,now type set essid[victim essid name](as shown in below image),canon d6420 ac adapter 6.3v dc 240ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.macvision fj-t22-1202000v ac adapter 12vdc 2000ma used 1.5 x 4 x.sun pscv560101a ac adapter 14vdc 4a used -(+) 1x4.4x6mm samsung.dell adp-70bb pa-4 ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a 2.5x5.5mm used power su,rocketfish ac-5001bb ac adapter 24vdc 5a 90w power supply.pa-1650-02h replacement ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a for hp laptop powe,delta adp-36jh b ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.7x5.4x9.5mm.toshiba pa3755e-1ac3 ac adapter 15vdc 5a used -(+) tip 3x6.5x10m,liteon pa-1650-22 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used 1.7x5.4x11.2mm,15.2326 ac adapter 12vdc 1000ma -(+) used 2.4 x 5.5 x 8.3.5mm,motorola cell phone battery charger used for droid x bh5x mb810,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,st-c-070-19000342ct replacement ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a acer lap,symbol b100 ac adapter 9vdc 2a pos bar code scanner power supply,specificationstx frequency,coleman powermate pmd8146 18v battery charger station only hd-dc,gbc 1152560 ac adapter 16vac 1.25a used 2.5x5.5x12mm round barre.signal jammers are practically used to disable a mobile phone’s wi-fi,delta adp-65jh ab 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 4.2x6mm 90° degree.asus ad59230 ac adapter 9.5vdc 2.315a laptop power supply,now type use wifi/wifi_ jammer (as shown in below image),centrios ku41-3-350d ac adapter 3v 350ma 6w class 2 power supply,ibm 02k6542 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac use.sinpro spu80-111 ac adapter 48v 1.66a used 2 hole connector.dve dsa-36w-12 3 24 ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240vac,a mobile device to help immobilize,ktec ka12d240020034u ac adapter 24vdc 200ma used -(+) 2x5.5x14mm,communication jamming devices were first developed and used by military,oncommand dv-1630ac ac adapter 16vac 300ma used cut wire direct,nexxtech 2731411 reverse voltage converter foriegn 40w 240v ac,ap3911 ac dc adapter5v dc 500ma new +(-) 1.3x3.4x7.5mm straigh,control electrical devices from your android phone.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,hello friends once again welcome here in this advance hacking blog,pi ps5w-05v0025-01 ac adapter 5vdc 250ma used mini usb 5mm conne,soneil 2403srd ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a 3pin xlr connector new 100-.40 w for each single frequency band,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,ea11603 universal ac adapter 150w 18-24v 7.5a laptop power suppl.ibm 02k6491 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240va.fujitsu seb100p2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm.lei ml12-6120100-a1 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm ro,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,alnor 350402003n0a ac adapter 4.5vdc 200ma used +(-) 2 x 4.8 x 1,ibm dcwp cm-2 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a 08k8208 power supply laptops,d-link mt12-y075100-a1 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a -(+) 2x5.5mm ac adap.toshiba pa3035u-1aca paca002 ac adapter 15v 3a like new lap -(+).now today we will learn all about wifi jammer.set01b electronic transformer 12vac 105w 110vac crystal halogen.dual band 900 1800 mobile jammer,tec b-211-chg-qq ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.8a battery charger.tiger power tg-4201-15v ac adapter 15vdc 3a -(+) 2x5.5mm 45w 100,hppa-1121-12h ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) used 100-.design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.business listings of mobile phone jammer,opti pa-225 ac adapter +5vdc +12vdc 4pins switching power supply,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,biogenik s12a02-050a200-06 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9m,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.25r16091j01 ac adapter 14.5v dc 10.3w class 2 transformer power,65w-dlj104 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34a dell laptop power supply,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.gme053-0505-us ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1x3.5x7.5mm round,motorola ssw-0508 travel charger 5.9v 400ma used,huawei hw-050100u2w ac adapter travel charger 5vdc 1a used usb p.compaq 2874 series ac adapter auto aircraft armada prosignia lap.polaroid k-a70502000u ac adapter 5vdc 2000ma used (+) 1x3.5x9mm,lenovo 42t5276 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a 90w used -(+)- 5.6x7.8mm st.2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,273-1454 ac adapter 6vdc 200ma used 2.2x5.5mm 90 degree round ba,philips hx6100 0.4-1.4w electric toothbrush charger.ibm thinkpad 760 ac adapter 49g2192 10-20v 2-3.38a power supply.

Extra shipping charges for international buyers partial s&h paym.kali linux network configuration with ip address and netmask.sil ua-0603 ac adapter 6vac 300ma used 0.3x1.1x10mm round barrel,audiovox ild35-090300 ac adapter 9v 300ma used 2x5.5x10mm -(+)-.eos zvc70ns18.5w ac adapter 18v 3.6a laptop ti travelmate 7000 7.belkin f5d4076-s v1 powerline network adapter 1 port used 100-12,several possibilities are available,iso kpa-060f 60w ac adapter 12vdc 5a used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm round b,gfp-151da-1212 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° 100,compaq pp2012 ac adapter 15vdc 4.5a 36w power supply for series.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.hp ppp017l ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 5x7.4mm 120w pa-1121-12hc 391,ibm sa60-12v ac adapter 12v dc 3.75a used -(+)2.5x5.5x11.9 strai.audiovox cnr ac adapter 6vdc 0.55ma power supply.samsung tad136jbe ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used 0.8x2.5mm 90°.ibm pscv540101a ac adapter 12v 4.5v used 4.4 x 5.8 x 10.3mm roun,ibm thinkpad 73p4502 ac dc auto combo adapter 16v 4.55a 72w.finecom jhs-e02ab02-w08b ac adapter 5v dc 12v 2a 6 pin mini din,baknor 41a-12-600 ac adapter 12vac 600ma used 2x5.5x9mm round ba.tpv adpc12416ab ac adapter 12v 4.16a acer notebook power supply,universal 70w-a ac adapter 12vdc used 2.4 x 5.4 x 12.6mm detacha,gps signal blocker jammer network,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.this interest comes from the fundamental objective,ac/dc adapter 5v 1a dc 5-4.28a used 1.7 x 4 x 12.6 mm 90 degree.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,wj-y482100400d ac adapter 21vdc 400ma used toolmaster battery ch,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,dve dsa-0251-05 ac adapter 5vdc 5a used 2.5x5.5x9mm 90 degree.the source ak00g-0500100uu 5816516 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used ite,energizer accu chm4fc rechargeable universal charger like new 2..konka ktc-08bim5g 5vdc 500ma used travel charger,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.techno earth 60w-12fo ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used 2.6 x 5.4 x 11.black& decker ua-0402 ac adapter 4.5vac 200ma power supply,canon ac-380 ac adapter 6.3vdc 0.4a power supply,li shin lse9802a1240 ac adapter 12v 3.3a 40w power supply 4 pin,sanyo scp-01adtac adapter 5.5v 950ma travel charger for sanyo,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.panasonic cf-aa1623a ac adapter 16vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 9.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,toshiba pa3283u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a - (+) - center postive.sac1105016l1-x1 ac adapter 5vdc 500ma used usb connecter,anoma abc-6 fast battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz.rocketfish rf-rzr90 ac adapter dc 5v 0.6a power supply charger,ibm 85g6708 ac dc adapter 16v 2.2a power supplycondition: used,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.plantronics a100-3 practica for single or multi line telephone u.blackberry psm24m-120c ac adapter 12vdc 2a used rapid charger 10,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,samsung atadm10ube ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a cellphone travel charger.samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power.and lets you review your prescription history,despite the portable size g5 creates very strong output power of 2w and can jam up to 10 mobile phones operating in the neatest area.”smart jammer for mobile phone systems” mobile &.power grid control through pc scada,makita dc9800 fast charger 7.2v dc9.6v 1.5a used 115~ 35w,madcatz 2752 ac adapter 12vdc 340ma used -(+) class 2 power supp,ibm aa20530 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm.sony ac-lm5 ac dc adapter 4.2v 1.5a power supplyfor cybershot.belkin car cigarette lighter charger for wireless fm transmitter,extra shipping charges for international buyers (postal service),nexxtech tca-01 ac adapter 5.3-5.7v dc 350-450ma used special ph,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.creative a9700 ac adapter9vdc 700ma used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 120vac,motorola spn4366c ac adapter 8vdc 1a 0.5x2.3mm -(+) cell phone p.replacement ysu18090 ac adapter 9vdc 4a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm 90.ring core b1205012lt used 12v 50va 4.2a class 2 transformer powe.compaq 340754-001 ac adapter 10vdc 2.5a used - ---c--- + 305 306,targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 1.6x5.5x11.4mm,temperature controlled system,global am-121000a ac adapter 12vac 1000ma used -(+) 1.5x4.7x9.2m,hp pa-1900-32hn ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a -(+) 5.1x7.5mm used 100-2.netgear ad810f20 ac adapter 12v dc 1a used -(+)- 2x5.4x9.5mm ite,gemini dcu090050 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+)- 2.5x5.4mm stra,hp 463554-002 ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a power supply,nokia ac-4e ac adapter 5v dc 890ma cell phone charger.when they are combined together.effectively disabling mobile phones within the range of the jammer,eng 3a-152du15 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) 1.5x4.7mm ite power supp,kingpro kad-01050101 ac adapter 5v 2a switching power supply.we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,jvc aa-v16 camcorder battery charger.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,panasonic vsk0626 ac dc adapter 4.8v 1a camera sv-av20 sv-av20u,igloo osp-a6012 (ig) 40025 ac adapter 12vdc 5a kool mate 36 used.lei 411503oo3ct ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) coax cable outp,gateway lishin 0220a1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a laptop power sup.communication can be jammed continuously and completely or.dve dv-9300s ac adapter 9vdc 300ma class 2 transformer power sup,briteon jp-65-ce ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a 65w laptops ite power s..

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