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Signal Characteristics of Civil GPS Jammers By Ryan H. Mitch, Ryan C. Dougherty, Mark L. Psiaki, Steven P. Powell, Brady W. O’Hanlon, Jahshan A. Bhatti, and Todd E. Humphreys GPS jamming is a continuing threat. A detailed understanding of how the available jammers work is necessary to judge their effectiveness and limitations. A team of researchers from Cornell University and the University of Texas at Austin reports on their analyses of the signal properties of 18 commercially available GPS jammers. INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley GPS IS AT WAR. It is a major asset for United States and allied military forces in a number of operating theaters around the world in both declared and undeclared conflicts. But GPS is at war on the domestic front, too — at war against a proliferation of jamming equipment being marketed to cause deliberate interference to GPS signals to prevent GPS receivers from computing positions to be locally stored or relayed via tracking networks. There have been many notable examples of deliberate jamming of GPS receivers. Many more likely go undetected each day. In 2009, outages of a Federal Aviation Administration reference receiver at Newark Liberty International Airport close to the New Jersey Turnpike were traced to a $33, 200 milliwatt GPS jammer in a truck that passed the airport each day. The driver was reportedly arrested and charged. In July 2010, two truck thieves in Britain were jailed for 16 years. They used GPS jammers to prevent the trucks from being tracked after the thefts. And in Germany, some truck drivers have been using jammers to evade the country’s GPS-based road-toll system. The U.S. and some foreign governments have enacted laws to prohibit the importation, marketing, sale or operation of these so-called personal privacy devices. Nevertheless, a certain number of jammers are in the hands of individuals around the world and they continue to be available from manufacturers and suppliers in certain countries. So, GPS jamming is a continuing threat both at home and abroad and a detailed understanding of how the available jammers work is necessary to judge their effectiveness and limitations. This information will also help in developing countermeasures that could be incorporated into GPS receivers to limit the impact of jammers. Jammers constitute an enemy force, and as the Chinese General Sun Tzu stated in the Art of War more than 2,000 years ago, battles will be won by knowing your enemy. In the last verse of Chapter Three, he states: So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you can win a hundred battles without a single loss. If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose. If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself. In this month’s column, a team of researchers from Cornell University and the University of Texas at Austin reports on their analyses of the signal properties of 18 commercially available GPS jammers. The enemy has been exposed. The Global Positioning System has become increasingly incorporated into civilian infrastructure. The increase in GPS-integrated systems has caused a proportional increase in the vulnerability of these systems to jamming and interference. The interests of individuals or groups willing to break the law may be served by interfering with the normal operation of GPS-enabled systems. As a result, in recent years many GPS jamming devices have become available for purchase over the Internet. These relatively cheap devices, some costing less than an inexpensive GPS receiver, pose a significant risk to the normal operation of many systems reliant on GPS. Many types of intentional radio frequency (RF) interference exist, including tones, swept waveforms, pulses, narrowband noise, and broadband noise. There are a number of methods for mitigating the effects of jamming and interference, and additional methods exist to locate the sources of the interference. Mitigation and location methods can be improved by use of a priori information about the interference source. This article provides such a priori information for a set of jammers and assesses their threats. Its results are based on two tests. The first test records raw RF data from a selection of jammers and analyzes it using fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectral methods. The second test evaluates the effective range of a subset of the GPS jammers using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) receiver. The article presents results based on 18 civil GPS jammers. There are other types of GPS jammers for sale that were not tested. Furthermore, civil jammer behavior and design is likely to evolve over time. In this article, we draw conclusions based on only the jammers that we tested. Overview of Civil GPS Jammers Devices that claim to jam or “block” GPS signals are widely available through a number of websites and online entities. The cost of these devices ranges from a few tens of dollars to several hundred. Their price does not seem to correlate with the claims made by the purveyors of these devices regarding the features and effectiveness of the product in question. Effective ranges from a few meters to several tens of meters are advertised, but the actual effective ranges are significantly greater. Claimed and true power consumptions range from a fraction of a watt to several watts. We grouped the GPS jammers we examined in this article into three categories based on morphology. The first is a group of jammers designed to plug into an automotive 12-volt auxiliary power supply outlet (cigarette lighter socket); this class of jammer is referred to in the remainder of this article as Group 1. The second category contains those jammers that are both powered by an internal rechargeable battery and that have an external antenna connected via an SMA connector; these jammers are referred to as Group 2. The jammers in Group 3 are disguised as cell phones; they have batteries but no external antennas. Figure 1 shows an example of a device from each of Groups 1–3. Figure 1. Three jammers are depicted, from left to right Jammers 1, 5, and 15 from Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. All 18 jammers broadcast power at or near the L1 carrier frequency, six broadcast power at or near the L2 carrier frequency, and none broadcast power at or near the L5 carrier frequency. Some of the jammers also broadcast power at frequencies outside of the GPS bands, typically cellular phone or Wi-Fi bands, but those frequencies are outside the scope of this article. Results in this article are for the current power levels broadcast in the GPS L1 and L2 bands, but examination of power levels in non-GPS bands indicate that many of these devices could be easily modified to broadcast much more power in the GPS bands. The jammer antennas have been removed in most of the testing for this article, but their use in a real-world scenario will modify the jammer behavior. The antennas used by Group 1 and Group 2 jammers are loaded monopole antennas, while those used by the Group 3 jammers are electrically short helical antennas that have approximately the same gain pattern as the loaded monopoles. These antennas broadcast linearly polarized radiation, as opposed to the right-hand circular polarization of GPS signals. The polarization mismatch will cause some loss in received power at a right-hand circularly polarized GPS receiver antenna. Jammer Signal Characteristics Test The goal of the first set of tests was to record complex samples of the jamming signals and to derive the jammer characteristics from these data. A two-step procedure was used to collect useful data. The first step used a spectrum analyzer to find the frequency range of the jamming signal near L1 and L2. The second step used this frequency information to set the center frequency of a general-purpose RF digitization and signal storage device with a 12-drive RAID storage array. Offline analyses were then conducted on the recorded data. The test procedure was as follows. For the first two groups, the jammer was placed inside an RF-shielded test enclosure shown in Figure 2, to prevent any signal leakage, and its SMA signal output port was connected to the relevant data collection device using a shielded coaxial cable. The signal had to pass from the inside to the outside of the RF enclosure using the built-in coaxial feed-through. Note, therefore, that no jammer signal radiation occurred for Group 1 and 2 jammers even inside the RF enclosure. The enclosure was used primarily as a precaution. Figure 2. RF-shielded test enclosure. Jammers were operated inside the enclosure to prevent emission of their RF signals. None of the Group 3 jammers had external antennas. Therefore, they were allowed to radiate in the RF enclosure using their internal antennas. To capture the signal, a receiving patch antenna with active amplification was placed in the RF enclosure, and the antenna output was connected to the relevant RF recording device via the enclosure’s coaxial feed-through. The jammer and receiving antenna were separated by about 14 centimeters. The patch antenna field-of-view center was pointed directly at the jammer. The jammer was oriented such that the axis of its helical antenna was pointing perpendicular to the line from the receiving antenna to the jammer. Jammer Signal Characteristics Test Results Although 18 jammers were tested, only a representative subset is discussed here. The signals were analyzed using FFT spectral methods and measurements of in-band power. Figure 3 displays the results of this analysis for a typical jammer from Group 1. The top plot of Figure 3 graphs frequency on the vertical scale versus time on the horizontal scale. The bottom plot graphs power on the vertical scale versus time on the horizontal scale. Each vertical slice of the recorded RF data plot is a single FFT frequency spectrum. It covers 62.5 MHz centered on the L1 band and has a resolution of approximately 1 MHz. The relative power spectral density of each slice is indicated by color. The time axes of both plots span 80 microseconds. Figure 3. Jammer 4 power spectral density versus time, with color indicating relative power (top plot) and power versus time in a 62.5-MHz band centered at the L1 carrier frequency (bottom plot). The upper plot of Figure 3 is clearly that of a linear frequency modulation interspersed with rapid resets — a series of linear chirps. Each sweep takes nine microseconds and spans a range of about 14 MHz. This range includes the civil L1 GPS band. The center frequency is depicted by the horizontal red line in the top plot. The power is about 20 milliwatts and remains fairly constant over the sweep. Three of the Group 1 jammers appeared to be of the same model and one was slightly different. All of them broadcast power only at L1. Despite their similarities in external appearance, the three jammers of the same model exhibited markedly different signal properties. These differences will be presented later in terms of tabulated frequency modulation characteristics and in-band power levels. One of the Group 2 jammers was unusual in two respects, as illustrated in Figure 4. This figure plots the L2 spectrum whose center is indicated by the horizontal red line in the top plot. The first obvious difference from Figure 3 is that the frequency modulation in time is a triangular wave instead of a sawtooth. Additionally, the modulation frequency is very high in comparison to all the other jammers; its period is only about 1 microsecond. Note that the horizontal scale of this figure spans only 8 microseconds, that is, 10 times less than in Figure 3. The other Group 2 jammers tended to broadcast sawtooth frequency modulations as in Figure 3. They all broadcast jamming power at L1. Of course, the jammer depicted in Figure 4 broadcast power at L2 as well. Only one other Group 2 jammer had L2 jamming capability. Two of the jammers suffered from poor design of their L1 frequency modulation schemes: they placed no jamming power closer than 4.6 MHz away from the nominal L1 carrier frequency. Figure 4. Jammer 10 power spectral density versus time (top plot), with resolution of about 3 MHz and color indicating relative power, and power versus time (bottom plot) in a 62.5-MHz band centered at the L2 carrier frequency. Another unusual frequency modulation was encountered in a Group 3 jammer. The L1 results for this jammer are depicted in Figure 5. It seems to show a linear-type frequency modulation distorted by sudden frequency jumps, as seen in the upper plot of the figure. Despite its irregular nature, this waveform maintains its jamming efficacy. Figure 5. Jammer 15 power spectral density versus time, with color indicating relative power (top plot) and power versus time in a 62.5-MHz band centered at the L1 carrier frequency (bottom plot). Note the additional frequency jumps in the sweep pattern. All four jammers in Group 3 broadcast power at L1, L2, and additional frequency bands. Three of the jammers appeared to be of the same model, while a fourth was different. Jammers in this group normally use a standard sawtooth frequency modulation. Figure 5 represents the exception. Additional types of distortion from the nominal sawtooth frequency modulation have been observed in some of the jammers. Discussion of each additional variation has been omitted here for the sake of brevity. See the authors’ companion conference paper, listed in the Further Reading sidebar for more details. Frequency Modulation Periods and Ranges. The frequency modulation characteristics of all 18 jammers are listed in Table 1. The first two columns identify each jammer by group number and jammer number. The sweep period and frequency range for the L1 sweep are shown in the third and fourth columns. The two numbers in the fourth column are the upper and lower bounds of the jamming tone sweep range in megahertz above and below the L1 carrier frequency. For instance, the period between resets of the linear frequency modulation of Jammer 1 is 26 microseconds and the tone sweeps from 25.4 MHz below L1 to 31.3 MHz above L1. The fifth and sixth columns are analogous to the third and fourth columns, but for jamming in the L2 band, with entries only for those jammers that broadcast in this band. The sweep periods were calculated using four contiguous sweeps from near the beginning of each data set and another four sweeps 30 seconds later. The sweep periods exhibited standard deviations of less than 1 microsecond. The reported sweep ranges are the minimum and maximum frequency observed in the same data used to calculate sweep periods. The sweep ranges changed by as much as 2.5 MHz between sweeps. One can make a number of observations based on Table 1. First, as mentioned previously, jammers which appeared to be of the same model exhibited significant variations in sweep behavior. For instance, Jammers 1, 3, and 4 appeared to be of the same models, yet Jammer 1 has a sweep period nearly three times as long as Jammers 3 and 4. It also has a sweep range four times as wide. Second, some individual jammers were exceptional. For example, Jammer 10 has a sweep period nearly 10 times shorter than any other jammer, and its L1 sweep range exceeded the 62.5 MHz bandwidth recorded by the RF sampling equipment. The sweep range of Jammer 16 also exceeded the sampled bandwidth, though its sweep period was not exceptional. Jammers 12 and 13 do not sweep through the L1 carrier frequency, as indicated by the negative signs in the fourth column of Table 1. Jammer 17 suffered from the same problem, but for both L1 and L2. Table 1. Frequency characteristics of GPS jammers. In-Band Jammer Power Levels. The GPS signal is spread over several megahertz by the pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes that modulate the L1 or L2 carrier waves. Different GPS receivers exploit this spreading by processing more or less of the full bandwidth. The RF power of the GPS jamming signal within different bands centered at L1 is an important concern because different receiver RF front-end bandwidths may allow different total amounts of jammer power to pass through them. For example, a C/A-code receiver with a 2-MHz RF front-end bandwidth will pass 10 dB less jammer power than will a 20-MHz bandwidth RF front end of a P(Y)-code receiver if the jammer in question spreads its power evenly over the 20-MHz band centered at the L1 carrier frequency. If the jammer power is concentrated in a 2-MHz range, however, then both receiver front ends will pass equal total jammer power. To determine the power in different bandwidths, the raw data were filtered to pass only the bandwidths of interest. The data were digitally filtered using a finite input response (FIR) equiripple band-pass filter, providing 60 dB of attenuation at 2 MHz past the roll-off frequency. Note that a real GPS receiver will probably not have analog filter frequency roll offs as sharp as those used in our work. Table 2 presents the results of this study. It reports power measurements averaged over 15 milliseconds in three different bandwidths: 2, 20, and 50 MHz, all centered at the nominal L1 or L2 carrier frequency. The table also indicates whether each jammer broadcasts power at frequencies other than the GPS frequencies. No power data is given for the non-GPS frequencies because they are not the focus of this article. A number of observations can be drawn from Table 2. First, there is a large variation in broadcast power among jammers, with Group 2 jammers being on average more powerful. Specifically, Jammer 11 is the most powerful, broadcasting more than a watt in the GPS bands! Second, jammers of the same model broadcast roughly the same amount of power despite the differences in sweep behavior mentioned above. For instance, Jammers 1, 3, and 4 broadcast roughly the same amount of power, and Jammers 15, 17, and 18 do so as well. Third, the poor frequency plans of Jammers 12, 13, and 17 are apparent in the power measurements. These jammers did not sweep a tone through L1 or L2, and effectively no power was measured in the 2-MHz band centered on the L1 or L2 carrier frequencies. Table 2. Jammer power levels in frequency bands of interest. Although not shown in the tables, Jammers 12, 13, and 14 exhibited periodic variations in broadcast power. Their peak-to-peak power varies as a sawtooth wave with period approximately 15 milliseconds and amplitude on the order of 10 percent of the total broadcast power. The measured power values in Table 2 for jammers of Groups 1 and 2 were derived using direct cable connections. Thus, they report the total power into the transmitting antenna. The power received at a GPS receiver’s RF front end will be affected by any antenna inefficiency, the antenna gain pattern, and the space loss, among other effects. In contrast, the power reported for Group 3 jammers includes all of those effects for the given test configuration. Specifically, the receiving antenna picked up only a fraction of the radiated power because the receiving antenna subtended only a fraction of the 4π steradians around the transmitting antenna. Also, the power that was received was boosted by the receiving antenna’s active low-noise amplifier. Finally, the radiation environment inside the RF enclosure is uncertain, and the enclosure constrains the separation of the antennas to be on the order of one wavelength, thereby giving rise to near-field effects. Therefore, the indicated power levels for the Group 3 jammers do not constitute measures of absolute power. The tabulated power levels for Group 3 jammers are included primarily for purposes of comparison within the group. Maximum Effective Range Test The goal of the second set of tests was to determine the effective ranges of the GPS jammers when interfering with a COTS receiver. A constraint on this test was that it could not broadcast harmful radiation to the environment. Ideally, the jammers and a receiver would be taken outside and tested with all antennas attached. However, this type of test would possibly interfere with other equipment and is illegal in the United States. A close approximation to this scenario can be constructed using a high-fidelity simulated GPS signal, a commercial GPS receiver, a GPS jammer in an RF enclosure, and a set of attenuators to simulate various distances. The setup for the second test is shown in the block diagram of Figure 6. Figure 6. Block diagram of the test procedure and equipment used to determine the GPS jammers’ effective ranges. Each range test involved running a GPS jammer inside the RF enclosure, passing its signal through the enclosure’s coaxial feed-through, and electrically combining that signal with a GPS simulator signal. The combined signal was then input to the antenna connector of the COTS GPS receiver. Attenuators were inserted in-line with the GPS jammer before it arrived at the combiner. Using this setup, two tests were conducted. The first test determined the jamming signal attenuation level necessary for continuous tacking. The second test determined the attenuation level necessary to allow the receiver to acquire the simulator signal within five minutes from a cold start. As will be shown in the next section, the resulting attenuation values can be converted into effective ranges of the jammers if one makes certain reasonable assumptions about transmitting and receiving antenna gains and path losses. The simulator power level was set so that the power into the receiver matched that which it would receive from the actual GPS constellation through a typical roof-mounted passive patch antenna. This power level was checked by comparing the resulting C/N0 for all of the visible satellites when using the simulator against typical C/N0 values when using the roof-mounted antenna. Typical levels reported by the receiver were C/N0 = 43 dB-Hz. Maximum Effective Range Results The jamming signal attenuation levels resulting from the two tests are presented in Table 3. These tests were conducted on one jammer from Group 1 and three jammers from Group 2. No jammers from Group 3 were included because of the broadcast power uncertainties discussed in connection with Table 2. The attenuation values by themselves are not very useful, but they can be converted into distance measurements with a number of assumptions. The ratio of received power to transmitted power can be expressed as where Gt is the transmitting antenna gain, Gr is the receiving antenna gain, and the term (λ/(4πr))2 is the path loss for radiation of wavelength λ over the distance r. This equation can be solved for the range, r: The quantity in this formula that equates to the total electrical jammer attenuation produced in each bench-top test is the product of the antenna gains and the ratio of transmitted to received power: Gt Gr(Pt ⁄Pr ). To convert the results in Table 3 into effective ranges, the transmitting and receiving antennas can be assumed to be perfect, lossless, isotropic radiators. In this case, the gain terms, Gt and Gr , are unity. Each measured attenuation value can be converted to the unitless ratio, Pt ⁄Pr , and substituted into the equation for r. Use of this equation at the L1 carrier frequency yields the ranges in Table 4. If the range between the jammer and receiver is less than that listed in the third column of the table, then the jammer will prevent the receiver from tracking and acquiring. If the range is less than that listed in the last column but more than that listed in the third column, the receiver will continue to track but be unable to acquire. The effective ranges are at least an order of magnitude greater than the claims of the jammers’ purveyors. Table 3. Jammer attenuation levels needed to allow COTS GPS receiver acquisition and tracking. Table 4. Ranges of jammer effectiveness against COTS GPS receiver when using lossless isotropic antennas. Distinct scenarios with different antennas can be approximately tested using Table 3 and the range equation. For example, a patch antenna that is oriented perfectly skyward might have 10 dB of attenuation at very low elevation angles, and the jammer might have an additional 3 dB loss due to polarization mismatch. In this scenario, the effective jamming range would be factored down by 10-13/20 = 0.22. In this case, Jammer 11’s tracking interference range would be reduced from 6.1 kilometers to 1.4 kilometers. Additional jammer signal attenuation might occur if the emissions passed through the reduced RF aperture of a vehicle’s body and windows. Such an effect could be incorporated into the range equation to determine a revised effective range. Due to the ignored losses in the real system, it would likely be safe to assume that the effective ranges of the GPS jammers would be no greater than those listed in Table 4. The ranges could potentially be greater if a high-gain receiving antenna were aimed directly at the jamming source, or if the jamming source used a high-gain transmitting antenna aimed at the receiver. None of the jammers tested employed such an antenna. Summary and Conclusions This article has presented the signal properties of 18 commercially available GPS jammers as determined from two types of live experimental tests. The first test examined the frequency structures and power levels of the jammer signals. It showed that all of the jammers used some sort of swept tone method to generate broadband interference. The majority of the jammers used linear chirp signals, all jammed L1, only six jammed L2, and none jammed L5. The sweep period of the jammers is about 9 microseconds on average, and they tend to sweep a range of less than 20 MHz. Some of the jammers’ sweep ranges failed to encompass the target L1 or L2 carrier frequencies. The second test provided an estimate of four of the jammers’ effective ranges when deployed against a typical commercial receiver. An upper bound on the effective ranges was calculated for idealized, lossless, isotropic radiating and receiving antennas with matched polarizations. The weakest of the four jammers affected tracking at a range of about 300 meters and acquisition at about 600 meters, while the strongest affected tracking at a range of about 6 kilometers and acquisition at about 8.5 kilometers. Acknowledgments The authors thank the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for providing interference devices for testing. This article is based on the paper “Signal Characteristics of Civil GPS Jammers” presented at ION GNSS 2011, the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 19–23, 2011, where it received a best-presentation-in-session award. Manufacturers The tests discussed in this article used an Agilent Technologies (www.home.agilent.com) model N1996A spectrum analyzer, a National Instruments PXI-5663 RF vector signal analyzer, a Ramsey Electronics model STE3000B RF shielded test enclosure, an Antcom (www.antcom.com) model 53G1215A-XT-1 patch antenna, and a NovAtel ProPakII-RT2 GPS receiver. Ryan H. Mitch is a graduate student in the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. He received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. Ryan C. Dougherty is a graduate student in the Sibley School. He holds a B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. Mark L. Psiaki is a professor in the Sibley School. He received a B.A. degree in physics and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University. Steven P. Powell is a senior engineer with the GPS and Ionospheric Studies Research Group in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. He has M.S. and B.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Cornell University. Brady W. O’Hanlon is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. He received a B.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Cornell University. Jahshan A. Bhatti is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at the University of Texas (UT) at Austin, where he also received his M.S. and B.S. degrees. He is a member of the UT Radionavigation Laboratory. Todd E. Humphreys is an assistant professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at UT Austin and Director of the UT Radionavigation Laboratory. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Utah State University and a Ph.D. degree in aerospace engineering from Cornell University. Further Reading • Authors’ Conference Paper “Signal Characteristics of Civil GPS Jammers” by R.H. Mitch, R.C. Dougherty, M.L. Psiaki, S.P. Powell, B.W. O’Hanlon, J.A. Bhatti, and T.E. Humphreys in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2011, the 24th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 19–23, 2011, pp. 1907–1919. • Vulnerability of GPS Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying on the Global Positioning System – Final Report. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 2001. • GPS Jamming “Car Jammers: Interference Analysis” by R. Bauernfeind, T. Kraus, D. Dötterböck, B. Eissfeller, E. Löhnert, and E. Wittmann in GPS World, Vol. 22, No. 10, October 2011, pp. 28–35. “GPS Jamming: No Jam Tomorrow” in The Economist, Technology Quarterly Special Section, Vol. 398, Issue 8724, March 12, 2011, pp. 20–21. Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques, 2nd ed., by R.A. Poisel, published by Artech House, Boston, Massachusetts, 2011. “Jamming GPS: Susceptibility of Some Civil GPS Receivers” by B. Forssell and R.B. Olsen in GPS World, Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 54–58. “A Growing Concern: Radiofrequency Interference and GPS” by F. Butsch in GPS World, Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2002, pp. 40–50. “Interference Effects and Mitigation Techniques” by J.J. Spilker Jr. and F.D. Natali, Chapter 20 in Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I, published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 717–771. • Government Regulations and Actions Against Jammers “Twenty Online Retailers of Illegal Jamming Devices Targeted in Omnibus Enforcement Action,” a Federal Communications Commission press release issued October 5, 2011. “FCC Enforcement Bureau Steps up Education and Enforcement,” a Federal Communications Commission press release issued February 9, 2011. “Cell Jammers, GPS Jammers, and Other Jamming Devices,” Federal Communications Commission Enforcement Advisory No. 2011-04 issued February 9, 2011, for consumers. “Cell Jammers, GPS Jammers, and Other Jamming Devices,” Federal Communications Commission Enforcement Advisory No. 2011-03 issued February 9, 2011, for retailers. • Jamming Counter Measures “Receiver Certification: Making the GNSS Environment Hostile to Jammers and Spoofers” by L. Scott. Presented to the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board, 9th Meeting, November 9–10, 2011, Alexandria, Virginia. “The Civilian Battlefield: Protecting GNSS Receivers from Interference and Jamming” by M. Jones in Inside GNSS, Vol. 6, No. 2, March/April 2011, pp. 40–49. “Interference Heads-up: Receiver Techniques for Detecting and Characterizing RFI” by P.W. Ward in GPS World, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 64–73. “Jamming Protection of GPS Receivers, Part I: Receiver Enhancements” by S. Rounds in GPS World, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 54–59. “Jamming Protection of GPS Receivers, Part II: Antenna Enhancements” by S. Rounds in GPS World, Vol. 15, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 38–45. “Antijamming and GPS for Critical Military Applications,” by A. Abbott in Crosslink, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 36–41.

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Cobra du28090020c ac adapter 9vdc 200ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 4.4w 120vac.sony rfu-90uc rfu adapter 5v can use with sony ccd-f33 camcorder.creative dv-9440 ac adapter 9v 400ma power supply,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor.game elements gsps214 car adapter for playstaion 2condition: n,arac-12n ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used -(+) plug in class 2 power.depending on the already available security systems.akii technology a10d2-09mp ac adapter +9vdc 1a 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.3mm,motomaster ct-1562a battery charger 6/12vdc 1.5a automatic used,apple a10003 ipod ac adapter 12vdc 1a used class 2 power supply,cnet ad1605c ac adapter dc 5vdc 2.6a -(+)- 1x3.4mm 100-240vac us.yd-001 ac adapter 5vdc 2a new 2.3x5.3x9mm straight round barrel,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.toshiba pa2500u ac adapter 15v 2a used 3.1 x 6.5 x 9.8mm 90 degr.samsung aa-e7 ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply for camcorder.specialix 00-100000 ac adapter 12v 0.3a rio rita power supply un,m2297p ac car adapter phone charger used 0.6x3.1x7.9cm 90°right,radio signals and wireless connections.the source ak00g-0500100uu 5816516 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used ite,compaq ad-c50150u ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a power supply.a portable mobile phone jammer fits in your pocket and is handheld,bi bi05-060080-bdu ac adapter 6vdc 800ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou,fujifilm bc-60 battery charger 4.2vdc 630ma used 100-240v~50/60h,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.sino-american sa120g-05v ac adapter 5vdc 4a used +(:_:)- 4 pin 9.panasonic rp-bc126a ni-cd battery charger 2.4v 350ma class 2 sal.compaq ppp002d ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.8a used 1.8x4.8x9.6mm strai,nyko 87000-a50 nintendo wii remote charge station.fujitsu cp235918-01 ac adapter 16v dc 3.75aused 4.5x6x9.7mm,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation.dv-1220dc ac adapter 9v 300ma power supply,sony ac-64na ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used -(+)- 1.8x4x9.7mm.audiovox cnr505 ac adapter 7vdc 700ma used 1 x 2.4 x 9.5mm,hon-kwang a12-3a-03 ac adapter 12vac 2000ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x12mm,kingshen mobile network jammer 16 bands highp power 38w adjustable desktop jammer ₹29.sl power ba5011000103r charger 57.6vdc 1a 2pin 120vac fits cub,liteon pa-1400-02 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a laptop power supply,ault bvw12225 ac adapter 14.7vdc 2.25a used safco snap on connec,ad-0920m ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used 2x5x12mm -(+)- 90 degr round.sceptre ad2524b ac adapter 25w 22.0-27vdc 1.1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5,hy-512 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round barrel cla,delta eadp-18cb a ac adapter 48vdc 0.375a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm ci,canon ca-cp200 ac adapter 24vdc 2.2a used 2.5x5.5mm straight rou,long-range portable protection,jvc ga-22au ac camera adapter 14v dc 1.1a power supply moudule f.theatres and any other public places,mobile / cell phone jammer/blocker schematic diagram circu,delta adp-90fb rev.e ac adapter 19vdc 4.7a used 3 x 5.5 x 11.8mm.after years of campaigning for the dissolution of the long-gun registry.this can also be used to indicate the fire,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,soneil 2403srm30 ac adapter +24vdc 1.5a used 3pin battery charge.

Delphi sa10115 xm satellite radio dock cradle charger used 5vdc,integrated inside the briefcase.walker 1901.031 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.1x5.3mm round,casio phone mate m/n-90 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma 6w white colour,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,tpi tsa1-050120wa5 ac dc adapter 5v 1.2a charger class 2 power s,bothhand sa06-20s48-v ac adapter +48vdc 0.4a power supply,samsung atads10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a used usb pin cellphone,he has black hair and brown eyes,syquest ap07sq-us ac adapter 5v 0.7a 12v 0.3a used5 pin din co,hp hstnn-ha01 ac adapter 19vdc 7.1a 135w used 5x7.4mm,toshiba delta pa3714e-1ac3ac adapter 19v3.42alaptop power.please see our fixed jammers page for fixed location cell,3m 725 wrist strap monitor used 69wl inspection equipment,southwestern bell freedom phone 9a300u ac adapter 9vac 300ma.sp12 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 pin razor class 2 power suppl,they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,the vehicle must be available.datageneral 10094 ac adapter 6.4vdc 2a 3a used dual output power,sony pcga-ac16v ac adapter 19.5vdc 4a used -(+) 4x6mm tip 100-24.samsung atads30jbs ac adapter 4.75vdc 0.55a used cell phone trav,nec adp-40ed a ac adapter 19vdc 2.1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x11mm 90°,bionx hp1202l3 01-3444 ac adaptor 37vdc 2a 4pin xlr male used 10,li shin lse9901a2070 ac adapter 20v dc 3.25a 65w max used.dell pa-1900-02d2 19.5vdc 4.62a 90w used 1x5x7.5x12.4mm with pin.replacement a1021 ac adapter 24.5v 2.65a apple power supply,the mobile jammer device broadcasts the signal of the same frequency to the gsm modem,creative sy-0940a ac adapter 9vdc 400ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12 mm pow.panasonic re7-05 class 2 shaver adapter 12v 500ma,liteon hp ppp009l ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w power supply.jvc aa-v70u camcorder dual battery charger used 3.6vdc 1.3a 6vdc,1km at rs 35000/set in new delhi.temperature controlled system,motorola psm5185a cell phone charger 5vdc 550ma mini usb ac adap,hp pa-1650-32ht ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a ppp009l-e series 65w 60842,akii techa25b1-05mb ac adapter +5vdc 5a power supply.aok ak02g-1200100u ac adapter 12vdc 1a used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm.fairway ve20-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.66a used 1.7x4mm straight ro,modul 66881f ac adapter 12vac 1660ma 25w 2p direct plug in power.fujitsu fmv-ac317 ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a used cp171180-01,digital fr-pcp8h-ad ac adapter 11vdc 2.73a used 1.2x4x9mm,asus ad59230 ac adapter 9.5vdc 2.315a laptop power supply.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.mastercraft maximum 54-3107-2 multi-charger 7.2v-19.2vdc nicd,archer 273-1454a ac dc adapter 6v 150ma power supply.fld0710-5.0v2.00a ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm ite pow.charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-.sony ac-lm5a ac dc adapter 4.2vdc 1.5a used camera camcorder cha.delta adp-65jh ab 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 4.2x6mm 90° degree,wahl adt-1 ac adapter 1.2vdc 2000ma used -(+) 0.9x3.7x7.5mm roun,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,frequency band with 40 watts max.

Panasonic pv-a23-k charger for full-size camcorder batteries for.and cable to connect them all together,sony ac-v55 ac adapter 7.5v 10v dc 1.6a 1.3a 26w power supply.three circuits were shown here.vt070a ac adatper 5vdc 100ma straight round barrel 2.1 x 5.4 x 1.creative ua-1450 ac adapter 13.5v power supply i-trigue damage.motorola spn4509a ac dc adapter 5.9v 400ma cell phone power supp.du090060d ac adapter 9vdc 600ma class 2 power supply,pa-1600-07 replacement ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm us,brother ad-20 ac adapter 6vdc 1.2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9.8mm round b,in the police apprehending those persons responsible for criminal activity in the community.trendnet tpe-111gi(a) used wifi poe e167928 100-240vac 0.3a 50/6,toshiba pa2430u ac adapter 18v dc 1.1a laptop's power supplyco,ktec ksaa0500080w1eu ac adapter 5vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.5 x,delta electronics adp-15kb ac adapter 5.1vdc 3a 91-56183 power,chang zhou rk aac ic 1201200 ac adapter 12vac 1200ma used cut wi,technics tesa2-1202100d ac adapter 12vdc 2.1a -(+)- switching po,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,usb a charger ac adapter 5v 1a wallmount us plug home power supp.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.acbel ad7043 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 2.7 x 5.4 x 90 de,ac car adapter phone charger used 1.5x3.9x10.8cm round barrel.hjc hua jung comp. hasu11fb36 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2.3 x 6 x,rocketfish rf-sne90 ac adapter 5v 0.6a used.phihong psa18r-120p ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a 5.5x2.1mm 2prong us.st-c-090-19500470ct replacement ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.9a / 4.1a /,positec machinery sh-dc0240400 ac adapter 24vdc 400ma used -(.these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,fil 35-d09-300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma power supply cut wire +(-),hp nsw23579 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a 30w ppp018l mini hstnn-170c 1.motorola fmp5202a travel charger 5v 850ma for motorola a780,jvc ap-v13u ac adapter 11vdc 1a power supply charger,liteonpa-1121-02 ac adapter 19vdc 6a 2x5.5mm switching power.aps aps61es-30 ac adapter +5v +12v -12v 5a 1.5a 0.5a 50w power s,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius,toshiba pa3507u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 8a desktop power supply,none reports/minutes 7 - 15 1.dc12500 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma power supply class 2 transformer,in this tutroial im going to say about how to jam a wirless network using websploit in kali linux,sony ac-lm5 ac dc adapter 4.2v 1.5a power supplyfor cybershot,another big name in the cell phone signal booster market,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,acbel api3ad05 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used 1 x 3.5 x 5.5 x 9.5mm.set01b electronic transformer 12vac 105w 110vac crystal halogen.intermec ea10722 ac adapter 15-24v 4.3a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 75w i.t.e,qualcomm cxdtc051 ac adapter 8.4dc 1025ma ac power supply,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,recoton ad300 ac adapter universal power supply,aiwa ac-d603uc ac adapter 5.5v 250ma 8w class 2 power supply.0450500df ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 power supply,li shin lse0202c1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+) screw wire.

Canon d6420 ac adapter 6.3v dc 240ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.ibm 12j1447 ac adapter 16v dc 2.2a power supply 4pin for thinkpa.thermolec dv-2040 ac adapter 24vac 200ma used ~(~) shielded wire.desktop 420/460pt e191049 ac dc adapter 24v 1.25a 950-302686,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,samsung astec ad-8019 ac adapter 19vdc 4.2a used -(+) 0.7x3x5x9,black & decker fsmvc spmvc nicd charger 9.6v-18vdc 0.8a used pow,replacement dc359a ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used 2.3x5.5x10.1mm,replacement af1805-a ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a power supply 3 pin din,frequency scan with automatic jamming,canon ca-dc20 compact ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a ite power supply sd30,liteon pa-1650-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm,adjustable power phone jammer (18w) phone jammer next generation a desktop / portable / fixed device to help immobilize disturbance,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,dsc ptc1620u power transformer 16.5vac 20va used screw terminal.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.pride battery maximizer a24050-2 battery charger 24vdc 5a 3pin x.a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,what is a cell phone signal jammer.new bright aa85201661 ac adapter 9.6v nimh used battery charger.li shin 0217b1248 ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 100-240vac p.rdl zda240208 ac adapter 24vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm new 100-240vac.ad41-0900500du ac adapter 9vdc 500ma power supply.jentec ah3612-y ac adapter 12v 2.1a 1.1x3.5mm power supply.bs-032b ac/dc adapter 5v 200ma used 1 x 4 x 12.6 mm straight rou,replacement pa-1750-09 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x,eng 3a-161da12 ac adapter 12vdc 1.26a used 2x5.5mm -(+)- 100-240.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.toshiba pa3378e-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a used 3 x 6.5 x 9.7 mm s,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.uniross ad101704 ac adapter 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, 12v 0.8a 9.6va use,motorola bc6lmvir01 class 2 radio battery charger used 11vdc 1.3.ktec ksas0241200200hu ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+)- 2x5.5mm switchin,lectroline 41a-d15-300(ptc) ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) rf,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.philips hx6100 0.4-1.4w electric toothbrush charger.samsung ad-6019a ac adapter 19vdc 3.15a laptop power supply,cambridge soundworks tead-66-132500u ac adapter 13.5vdc 2.5a,yu240085a2 ac adapter 24vac 850ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x9mm round barr,cyber acoustics ka12d120050035u ac adapter 12vdc 500ma +(-) 2x5..dee van ent. dsa-0151a-06a ac adapter +6v dc 2a power supply,apple adp-22-611-0394 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.6a 5pin megnatic used.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.nokia ac-8e ac adapter 5v dc 890ma european cell phone charger.ibm 84g2357 ac dc adapter 10-20v 2-3.38a power supply,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,aps ad-715u-2205 ac adapter 5vdc 12vdc 1.5a 5pin din 13mm used p,.

Home signal booster | cell coverage booster