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Its Algorithms and Performance The authors test three mass-market design drivers on a chip developed expressly for a new role as a combined GPS and Galileo consumer receiver: the time-to-first-fix for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations; sensitivity in harsh environments, exploiting a simulated land mobile satellite multipath channel and different user dynamics; and power consumption strategies, particularly duty-cycle tracking. By Nicola Linty, Paolo Crosta, Philip G. Mattos, and Fabio Pisoni The two main GNSS receiver market segments, professional high-precision receivers and mass-market/consumer receivers, have very different structure, objectives, features, architecture, and cost. Mass-market receivers are produced in very high volume — hundreds of millions for smartphones and tablets — and sold at a limited price, and in-car GNSS systems represent a market of tens of millions of units per year. The reason for these exploding markets can be found not only in the improvements in electronics and integration, but also in the increasing availability of new GNSS signals. In coming years, with Galileo, QZSS, BeiDou, GPS-L1C, and GLONASS-CDMA all on the way, the silicon manufacturer must continue the path towards the fully flexible multi-constellation mass-market receiver. Mass-market receivers feature particular signal processing techniques, different from the acquisition and tracking techniques of standard GNSS receivers, in order to comply with mobile and consumer devices’ resources and requirements. However, a limited documentation is present in the open literature concerning consumer devices’ algorithms and techniques; besides a few papers, all the know-how is protected by patents, held by the main manufacturers, and mainly focused on the GPS L1 C/A signal. We investigate and prove the feasibility of such techniques by semi-analytical and Monte Carlo simulations, outlining the estimators sensitivity and accuracy, and by tests on real Galileo IOV signals. To understand, analyze, and test this class of algorithms, we implemented a fully software GNSS receiver, running on a personal computer. It can process hardware- and software-simulated GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1BC signals, as well as real signals, down-converted at intermediate frequency (IF), digitalized and stored in memory by a front-end/bit grabber; it can also output standard receiver parameters: code delay, Doppler frequency, carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/N0), phase, and navigation message. The software receiver is fully configurable, extremely flexible, and represents an important tool to assess performance and accuracy of selected techniques in different circumstances. Code-Delay Estimation The code-delay estimation is performed in the software receiver by a parallel correlation unit, giving as output a multi-correlation with a certain chip spacing. This approach presents some advantages, mostly the fact that the number of correlation values that can be provided is thousands of times greater, compared to a standard receiver channel. Use of multiple correlators increases multipath-rejection capabilities, essential features in mass-market receivers, especially for positioning in urban scenarios. The multi-correlation output is exploited to compute the received signal code delay with an open-loop strategy and then to compute the pseudorange. In the simulations performed, the multi-correlation has a resolution of 1/10 of a chip, which is equivalent to 30 meters for the signals in question; to increase the estimate accuracy, Whittaker-Shannon interpolation is performed on the equally spaced points of the correlation function belonging to the correlation peak. The code-delay estimate accuracy is reported in Figures 1 and 2. The results are obtained with Monte Carlo simulations on simulated GNSS signals, with sampling frequency equal to 16.3676 MHz. In particular, a GPS L1 C/A signal is considered, affected by constant Doppler frequency equal to zero for the observation period, to avoid the effect of dynamics. The figures show the standard deviation of the code estimation error, that is, the difference between the estimated code delay and the true one, expressed in meters (pseudorange error standard deviation) for different values of C/N0. To evaluate the quality of the results, the theoretical delay locked loop (DLL) tracking jitter is plotted for comparison, as where Bn is the code loop noise bandwidth, Rc is the chipping rate, Bfe is the single sided front-end bandwidth, Tc is the coherent integration time, and c is the speed of light. In the two figures, the red curve shows the theoretical tracking jitter for a DLL, which can be considered as term of comparison for code-delay estimation. To correlate the results, a E-L spacing equal to D = 0.2 chip is chosen, and the code-delay error values of the software receiver simulation are filtered with a moving average filter. By averaging 0.5 seconds of data (for example, L = 31 values spaced 16 milliseconds), an equivalent closed-loop bandwidth of about 1 Hz can be obtained: In particular, in Figure 1, a coherent integration time equal to 1 millisecond (ms) and 16 non-coherent sums are considered, while in Figure 2 a coherent integration time equal to 4 ms and 16 non-coherent sums, spanning a total time T=64 ms, are considered. In both cases, the software receiver results are extremely good for high C/N0. The code-delay error estimate is slightly higher than its equivalent in the DLL formulation. The open-loop estimation error notably increases in the first case below 40 dB-Hz due to strong outliers, whose probability of occurrence depends on the C/N0. In fact, this effect is smoothed in the second case, where the coherent integration time is four times larger, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 1. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=1 ms , T=16 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Figure 2. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=4 ms, T=64 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Nevertheless, the comparison between open loop multi-correlation approach and closed loop DLL is difficult and approximate, because the parameters involved are different and the results are only qualitative. Doppler Frequency Estimation In the particular case of the software receiver developed here, the residual Doppler frequency affecting the GNSS signal is estimated by means of a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) on a snapshot of samples, exploiting open-loop strategy. In fact, despite the higher standard deviation of the frequency error (jitter), open-loop processing offers improved tracking sensitivity, higher tracking robustness against fading and interference, and better stability when increasing the coherent integration time. In addition, the open-loop approach does not require the design of loop filters, avoiding problems with loop stability. A certain number of successive correlator values, computed in the multiple correlations block, are combined in a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and interpolated. Figure 3 shows the root mean square error (RMSE) of the frequency estimate versus signal C/N0, obtained collecting 16 coherent accumulations of 4 ms of a Galileo E1B signal, then computing a 16 points FFT spanning a time interval of 64 ms, and finally refining the result with an interpolation technique. Three different curves are shown, corresponding respectively to: the RMSE derived from simulations, carried out with GNSS data simulated with the N-FUELS signal generator; a semi-analytical estimation, exploiting the same algorithm; the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for frequency estimation, shown as where fs is the sampling frequency. Figure 3. Doppler frequency estimate RMSE versus C/N0 in super-high resolution with T=64 ms, comparison between theoretical and simulated results. A well-known drawback is the so-called threshold effect. Below a certain C/N0, the frequency estimate computed with MLE suffers from an error, and the RMSE increases with respect to the CRLB. Mass-Market Design Drivers Once we have analyzed the features of some mass-market algorithms with a software receiver, we can move toward the performance of a real mass-market device, to compare results and confirm improvements brought by the new Galileo signals, so far mainly known from a theoretical point of view. A recent survey identified three main drivers in the design of a mass-market receiver, coming directly from user needs, and solvable in different ways. Time-to-first-fix (TTFF) corresponds to how fast a position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution is available after the receiver is powered on, that is, the time that a receiver takes to acquire and track a minimum of four satellites, and to obtain the necessary information from the demodulated navigation data bits or from other sources. Capability in hostile environments, for example while crossing an urban canyon or when hiking in a forest, is measured in terms of sensitivity. It can be verified by decreasing the received signal strength and/or adding multipath models. Power consumption of the device. GNSS chipset is in general very demanding and can produce a not-negligible battery drain. We analyzed these three drivers with a commercial mass-market receiver and with the software receiver. Open-Sky TTFF Analysis TTFF depends on the architecture of the receiver, for example the number of correlators or the acquisition strategy, on the availability of assistance data, such as rough receiver position and time or space vehicles’ (SV) ephemeris data, and on the broadcast navigation message structure. Some receivers, like the one used here for testing, embed an acquisition engine that can be activated on request and assures a low acquisition time; moreover, they implement ephemeris extension. In contrast, other consumer receiver manufacturers exploit a baseband-configurable processing unit, similar to the one implemented in the software receiver, with thousands of parallel correlators generating a multi-correlator output with configurable spacing, depending on the accuracy required. By selecting an appropriate number of correlators, depending on the available assistance data and on the accuracy required, the TTFF consequently varies. We assessed the performance of the receiver under test for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations, exploiting hardware-simulated GNSS data. Good results are achieved, especially when introducing Galileo signals. Figure 4 reports the hot-start TTFF for different C/N0 values in the range 25–53 dB-Hz, computed using the receiver. The receiver, connected to a signal generator, is configured in dual-constellation mode (GPS and Galileo) and carries out 40 TTFF trials, with a random delay between 15 and 45 seconds. In a standard additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in hot-start conditions, the results mainly depend on the acquisition strategy and on the receiver availability of correlators and acquisition engines. In an ideal case with open-sky conditions and variable C/N0, the introduction of a second constellation only slightly improves the TTFF performance; this result cannot be generalized since it mainly depends on the acquisition threshold of the receiver, which can change using signals of different constellations. In real-world conditions, the situation can vary. Figure 4. Hot start TTFF for Galileo+GPS configuration versus C/N0 using the test receiver. Cold Start. Secondly, we analyze TTFF differences due to the different structure of GPS and Galileo navigation messages. The I/NAV message of the Galileo E1 signal and the data broadcast by GPS L1 C/A signals contain data related to satellite clock, ephemeris, and GNSS time: parameters relevant to the position fix since they describe the position of the satellite in its orbit, its clock error, and the transmission time of the received message. Table 1 shows some results in the particular case of cold start, with an ideal open-sky AWGN scenario. The TTFF is significantly lower when using Galileo satellites: while the mean TTFF when tracking only GPS satellites is equal to about 31.9 seconds (s), it decreases to 24.7 s when considering only Galileo satellites, and to 22.5 s in the case of dual constellation. Similarly, the minimum and maximum TTFF values are lower when tracking Galileo satellites. The 95 percent probability values confirm the theoretical expectations. Again, in the ideal case with open-sky conditions, the results with two constellations are quite similar to the performance of the signal with faster TTFF. However, in non-ideal conditions, use of multiple constellations represents a big advantage and underlines the importance of developing at least dual-constellation mass-market receivers. Table 1. Comparison between TTFF (in seconds) in cold start for different constellation combinations. Furthermore, it is interesting to analyze in more detail the case of a GPS and Galileo joint solution. GPS and Galileo system times are not synchronized, but differ by a small quantity, denoted as the GPS-Galileo Time Offset (GGTO). When computing a PVT solution with mixed signals, three solutions are possible: to estimate it as a fifth unknown, to read it from the navigation message, or to use pre-computed value. In the first case it is not necessary to rely on the information contained in the navigation message, eventually reducing the TTFF. However, five satellites are required to solve the five unknowns, and this is not always the case in urban scenarios or harsh environments, as will be proved below. On the contrary, in the second case, it is necessary to obtain the GGTO information from the navigation message, and since it appears only once every 30 seconds, in the worst case it is necessary to correctly demodulate 30 seconds of data. Both approaches show benefits and disadvantages, depending on the environment. The receiver under test exploits the second solution: in this case, it is possible to see an increase in the average TTFF when using a combination of GPS and Galileo, due to the demodulation of more sub-frames of the broadcast message. Sensitivity: Performance in Harsh Environments Harsh environment is the general term used to describe those scenarios in which open sky and ideal propagation conditions are not fulfilled. It can include urban canyons, where the presence of high buildings limits the SV visibility and introduces multipath; denied environments, where unintentional interference may create errors in the processing; or sites where shadowing of line-of-sight (LoS) path is present, for example due to trees, buildings, and tunnels. In these situations it is necessary to pay particular attention to the signal-processing stage; performance is in general reduced up to the case in which the receiver is not able to compute a fix. A first attempt to model such an environment has been introduced in the 3GPP standard together with the definition of A-GNSS minimum performance requirements for user equipment supporting other A-GNSSs than GPS L1 C/A, or multiple A-GNSSs which may or may not include GPS L1 C/A. The standard test cases support up to three different constellations; in dual-constellation case it foresees three satellites in view for each constellation with a horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) ranging from 1.4 to 2.1. To perform TTFF and sensitivity tests applying the 3GPP standard test case, we configured a GNSS simulator scenario with the following characteristics, starting from the nominal constellation: Six SVs: three GPS (with PRN 6,7, 21) and three Galileo (with code number 4, 11, 23); HDOP in the range 1.4 – 2.1; nominal power as per corresponding SIS-ICD; user motion, with a heading direction towards 90° azimuth, at a constant speed of 5 kilometers/hour (km/h). In addition to limiting the number of satellites, we introduced a narrowband multipath model. The multi-SV two-states land mobile satellite (LMS) model simulator generated fading time series representative of an urban environment. The model includes two states: a good state, corresponding to LOS condition or light shadowing; a bad state, corresponding to heavy shadowing/blockage. Within each state, a Loo-distributed fading signal is assumed. It includes a slow fading component (lognormal fading) corresponding to varying shadowing conditions of the direct signal, and a fast fading component due to multipath effects. In particular, the last version of the two-state LMS simulator is able to generate different but correlated fading for each single SV, according to its elevation and azimuth angle with respect to the user position: the angular separation within satellites is crucial, since it affects the correlation of the received signals. This approach is based on a master–slave concept, where the state transitions of several slave satellites are modeled according to their correlation with one master satellite, while neglecting the correlation between the slave satellites. The nuisances generated are then imported in the simulator scenario, to timely control phase and amplitude of each simulator channel. Using this LMS scenario, the receiver’s performance in harsh environments has been then verified with acquisition (TTFF) and tracking tests. The TTFF was estimated with about 50 tests, in hot, warm, and cold start, first using both GPS and Galileo satellites, and then using only one constellation. In the second case only the 2D fix is considered, since, according to the scenario described, at maximum three satellites are in view. Table 2 reports the results for the dual-constellation case: in hot start the average TTFF is about 8 s, and it increases to 36 s and 105 s respectively for the warm and cold cases. Clearly the results are much worse than in the case reported earlier of full open-sky AWGN conditions. In this scenario only six satellites are available at maximum; moreover, the presence of multipath and fading affects the results, and they exhibit a larger variance, because of the varying conditions of the scenario. Table 2. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting GPS and Galileo constellations in harsh environments. Table 3 shows similar results, but for the GPS-only case. In this case the receiver was configured to track only GPS satellites. The mean TTFF increases both in the hot and in the warm case, whereas in cold start it is not possible compute a 2D fix with only three satellites; the ambiguity of the solution cannot be solved if an approximate position solution is not available. It may seem unfair to compare a scenario with three satellites and one with six satellites. However, it can be assumed that this is representative of what happens in limited-visibility conditions, where a second constellation theoretically doubles the number of satellites in view. Table 3. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting only GPS constellations in harsh environments. The results confirm the benefits of dual-constellation mass-market receivers in harsh environments where the number of satellites in view can be very low. Making use of the full constellation of Galileo satellites will allow mass-market receivers to substantially increase performances in these scenarios. Tracking.We carried out a 30-minute tracking test with both the receiver and the software receiver model. Both were able to acquire the six satellites and to track them, even with some losses of lock (LoLs) due to fading and multipath reflections. Figure 5 shows the number of satellites in tracking state in the receiver at every second, while Figure 6 shows the HDOP as computed by the receiver. When all six satellites are in tracking state, the HDOP lies in the range 1.4 – 2.1, as defined in the simulation scenario; on the contrary, as expected, in correspondence with a LoL it increases. Figure 6. HDOP computed by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Figure 7 compares the signal power generated by the simulator and the power estimated by the receiver, in the case of GPS PRN 7 and Galileo code number 23. This proves the tracking capability of the receiver also for high sensitivity. To deal with low-power signals, the integration time is extended both for GPS and for Galileo, using the pilot tracking mode in the latter case. Figure 7. C/N0 estimate computed by the receiver in harsh environments and compared with the signal power. Figures 8 and 9 show respectively the position and the velocity solution. In the first case latitude, longitude, and altitude are plotted, while in the second case the receiver speed estimate in km/h is reported. Figure 8. Test receiver position solution in LMS scenario. Figure 9. Test receiver velocity solution in LMS scenario. In this framework it is possible to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using the broadcast GGTO when computing a mixed GPS and Galileo position. When the LMS channel conditions are good, all six SVs in view are in tracking state, as shown in Figure 5. However, when the fading becomes important, the number is reduced to only two satellites. If the receiver is designed to extract the GGTO from the navigation message, then a PVT solution is possible also when only four satellites are in tracking state, that is for 90 percent of the time in this specific case. On the contrary, if the GGTO has to be estimated, one more satellite is required, and this condition is satisfied only 57 percent of the time, strongly reducing the probability of having a fix. Nevertheless, estimating the GGTO requires the correct demodulation of the navigation message, and this is possible only if the signal is good enough for a sufficient time. Figure 5. Number of satellites tracked by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Power-Saving Architectures The final driver for mass-market receivers design is represented by power consumption. Particularly for chips suited for portable devices running on batteries, power drain represents one of the most important design criteria. To reduce at maximum the power consumption, chip manufacturers have adopted various solutions. Most are based on the concept that, contrarily to a classic GNSS receiver, a mass-market receiver is not required to constantly compute a PVT solution. In fact, most of the time, GNSS chipsets for consumer devices are only required to keep updated information on approximate time and position and to download clock corrections and ephemeris data with a proper time rate, depending on the navigation message type and the adopted extended ephemeris algorithm. Then, when asked, the receiver can quickly provide a position fix. By reducing the computational load of the device during waiting mode, power consumption is reduced proportionally. To better understand advantages and disadvantages of power saving techniques, some of them have been studied and analyzed in detail. In particular, the algorithm implemented in the software receiver model is based on two different receiver states: an active state, in which all receiver parts are activated, as in a standard receiver, and a sleep state, where the receiver is not operating at all. In the sleep state, the GNSS RF module, GNSS baseband, and digital signal processor core are all switched off. By similarity to a square wave, these types of tracking algorithms are also called duty-cycle (DC) algorithms. Exploiting the software approach’s flexibility, we can test the effect of two important design parameters: sleep period length; minimum active period length. Their setting is not trivial and depends on the channel conditions, on the signal strength, on the number of satellites in view, on the user dynamics, and finally on the required accuracy. In the software receiver simulations performed, the active mode length is fixed to 64 ms: the receiver collects 16 correlation values with coherent integration time equal to 4 ms, to perform frequency estimation as described above. Then it switches to sleep state for 936 ms, until a real-time clock (RTC) wake-up initiates the next full-power state. In this way a fix is available at the rate of 1 s, as summarized in Figure 10. However, there are some situations where the receiver may stay in full-power mode, for example during the initialization phase, to collect important data from the navigation message, such as the ephemeris, and to perform RTC calibration. Figure 10. Duty cycle tracking pattern in the software receiver simulations. There are benefits of using this approach coupled to Galileo signals: the main impact is the usage of the pilot codes. Indeed, a longer integration time allows reducing the active period length, which most impacts the total power consumption, being usually performed at higher repetition rate. Some simulations were carried out to assess the performance of DC algorithms in the software receiver. While in hardware implementations the direct benefit is the power computation, in a software implementation it is not possible to see such an improvement. The reduced power demand is translated into a shorter processing time for each single-processing channel. The DC approach can facilitate the implementation of a real-time or quasi-real-time software receiver. The main drawback of using techniques based on DC tracking is the decrease of the rate of observables and PVT solution. However, this depends on the application; for some, a solution every second is more than enough. Real-Signal Results On March 12, 2013, for the first time  the four Galileo IOV satellites were broadcasting a valid navigation message at the same time. From 9:02 CET, all the satellites were visible at ESTEC premises, and the first position fix of latitude, longitude, and altitude took place at the TEC Navigation Laboratory at ESTEC (ESA) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. At the same time, we were able to acquire, track, and compute one of the first Galileo-only mobile navigation solutions, using the receiver under test. Thanks to its small size and portability, it was installed on a mobile test platform, embedded in ESA’s Telecommunications and Navigation Testbed vehicle. Using a network connection, we could follow, from the Navigation Lab, the real-time position of the van moving around ESTEC. Figure 11 shows the van’s track, obtained by post processing NMEA data stored by the receiver evaluation board. The accuracy achieved in these tests met all the theoretical expectations, taking into account the limited infrastructure deployed so far. In addition, the results obtained with the receiver have to be considered preliminary, since its firmware supporting Galileo was in an initial test phase (for example, absence of a proper ionospheric model, E1B-only tracking). Figure 11. Galileo-only mobile fix, computed on March 12, 2013. Conclusions Analysis of a receiver’s test results confirms the theoretical benefits of Galileo OS signals concerning TTFF and sensitivity. Future work will include the evolution of the software receiver model and a detailed analysis of power-saving tracking capabilities, with a comparison of duty-cycle tracking techniques in open loop and in closed loop. Acknowledgments This article reflects solely the authors’ views and by no means represents official European Space Agency or Galileo views. The article is based on a paper first presented at ION GNSS+ 2013. Research and test campaigns related to this work took place in the framework of the ESA Education PRESTIGE programme, thanks to the facilities provided by the ESA TEC-ETN section. The LMS multipath channel model was developed in the frame of the MiLADY project, funded by the ARTES5.1 Programme of the ESA Telecommunications and Integrated Applications Directorate. Manufacturers The tests described here used the STMicroelectronics Teseo II receiver chipset and a Spirent signal simulator. Nicola Linty is a Ph.D. student in electronics and telecommunications at Politecnico di Torino. In 2013 he held an internship at the European Space Research and Technology Centre of ESA. Paolo Crosta is a radio navigation system engineer at the ESA TEC Directorate where he provides support to the EGNOS and Galileo programs. He received a MSc degree in telecommunications engineering from the University of Pisa. Philip G. Mattos received an external Ph.D. on his GPS work from Bristol University. He leads the STMicroelectronics team on L1C and BeiDou implementation, and the creation of totally generic hardware that can handle even future unknown systems. Fabio Pisoni has been with the GNSS System Team at STMicroelectronics since 2009. He received a master’s degree in electronics from Politecnico di Milano, Italy.

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Hon-kwang hk-c110-a05 ac adapter 5v 0.25a i.t.e supply,plantronics ssa-5w 090050 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5m,computer rooms or any other government and military office.lenovo 42t4430 ac adapter 20v 4.5a 90w pa-190053i used 5.6 x 7.9,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.fujitsu 0335c2065 ac adapter 20v dc 3.25a used 2.5x5.5x12.3mm,jobmate battery charger 18vdc used for rechargeable battery,condor 48-12-1200 ac adapter 12vdc 1200ma used 2.5x5.5x11.4mm,d-link van90c-480b ac adapter 48vdc 1.45a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va,lishin lse0202c1990 ac adapter 19v 4.74a laptop power supply.digitalway ys5k12p ac dc adapter 5v 1.2a power supply,lucent technologies ks-22911 l1/l2 ac adapter dc 48v 200ma,htc psaio5r-050q ac adapter 5v dc 1a switching usb power supply,oki telecom rp9061 ac adapter 7.5vdc 190ma used -(+) 1.5x3.5mm r,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,power solve up03021120 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used 3 pin mini din.motorola htn9014c 120v standard charger only no adapter included,sparkle power spa050a48a ac adapter 48vdc 1.04a used -(+)- 2.5 x.compaq series 2842 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.1a 91-46676 power supply,sagemcom s030su120050 ac adapter 12vdc 2500ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5m,toshiba pa2417u ac adapter 18v 1.1a -(+) used 2x5.5mm 8w 100-240,compaq evp100 ac dc adapter 10v 1.5a 164153-001 164410-001 4.9mm.

Hipro hp-a0904a3 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 9.pa-1900-05 replacement ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used 1.7x4.7mm -(+,energizer saw-0501200 ac adapter 5vd used 2 x 4 x 9 mm straight.l.t.e. lte50e-s2-1 ac adapter 12v dc 4.17a 50w power supply for,sunbeam pac-259 style g85kq used 4pin dual gray remote wired con,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system.toshiba pa2426u ac adapter 15vdc 1.4a used -(+) 3x6.5mm straight,delta adp-40zb rev.b ac adapter 12vdc 3300ma used 4pin din,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,spy mobile phone jammer in painting,kodak k8500 li-on rapid battery charger dc4.2v 650ma class 2.changzhou jt-24v450 ac adapter 24~450ma 10.8va used class 2 powe,gateway pa-1161-06 ac adapter 19vdc 7.9a used -(+) 3x6.5x12mm 90,li tone electronics lte24e-s2-1 12vdc 2a 24w used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,hipro hp-o2040d43 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90,nec op-520-4401 ac adapter 11.5v dc 1.7a 13.5v 1.5a 4pin female,03-00050-077-b ac adapter 15v 200ma 1.2 x 3.4 x 9.3mm.unifive ul305-0610 ac adapter 6vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm ite po,v infinity emsa240167 ac adapter 24vdc 1.67a -(+) used 2x5.5mm s.macvision fj-t22-1202000v ac adapter 12vdc 2000ma used 1.5 x 4 x.

Delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a power supply printer hp photo,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 1.6x5.5x11.4mm,d-link ams6-1201000su ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 1.5x3.6mm st.black & decker 143028-05 ac adapter 8.5vac 1.35amp used 3x14.3mm,pa-1700-02 replacement ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a laptop acer.direct plug-in sa48-18a ac adapter 9vdc 1000ma power supply,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.artesyn scl25-7624 ac adapter 24vdc 1a 8pin power supply.baknor 41a-12-600 ac adapter 12vac 600ma used 2x5.5x9mm round ba,fsp fsp036-1ad101c ac adapter 12vdc 3a used +(-)+ 2.5 x 5.5.eos zvc70ns18.5w ac adapter 18v 3.6a laptop ti travelmate 7000 7,car ac adapter used power supply special phone connector.acbel polytech api-7595 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a power supply,energizer fps005usc-050050 ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used 1.5x4mm r,eng 3a-122du12 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+) 2x5.5mm used power suppl,j0d-41u-16 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.4 x 7.2 mm,jvc aa-v70u camcorder dual battery charger used 3.6vdc 1.3a 6vdc.panasonic vsk0964 ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a used 1.5x4x9mm 90° round,upon activation of the mobile jammer.acbel api3ad14 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used (: :) female 4pin fema,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm.

Dell la90ps0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 0.7x5x7.3mm.zone of silence [cell phone jammer ].microtip photovac e.o.s 5558 battery charger 16.7vdc 520ma class.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building.apx sp7970 ac adapter 5vdc 5a 12v 2a -12v 0.8a 5pin din 13mm mal.l0818-60b ac adapter 6vac 600ma used 1.2x3.5x8.6mm round barrel,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.motorola psm4940c ac adapter 5.9vdc 400ma used -(+) 2 pin usb,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.ibm 02k6794 ac adapter -(+) 2.5x5.5mm16vdc 4.5a 100-240vac power.avaya switcher ii modular base unit with pc port 408012466 new.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,sony ac-v25b ac adapter 7.5v 1.5a 10v 1.1a charger power supply,voltage controlled oscillator,liteon pa-1181-08qa ac adapter 19v 9.5a 4pin 10mm power din 180w,lei power converter 220v 240vac 2000w used multi nation travel a.liteon pa-1041-71 ac adapter 12vdc 3.3a used -(+) 2x5.5x9.4mm ro.electra 26-26 ac car adapter 6vdc 300ma used battery converter 9,fujitsu fmv-ac311s ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a -(+) 4.4x6.5 tip fpcac.wtd-065180b0-k replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a laptop power,dataprobe k-12a 1420001 used 12amp switch power supplybrick di,nintendo wap-002(usa) ac adapter 4.6vdc 900ma 2pin dsi charger p.

Car adapter charger used 3.5mm mono stereo connector.compaq 2824 series auto adapter 18.5v 2.2a 30w power supply.dve dsa-9w-09 fus 090100 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used 1.5x4mm dvd pla,with a maximum radius of 40 meters.minolta ac-7 ac-7e ac adapter 3.4vdc 2.5a -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240va.fujitsu fmv-ac316 ac adapter 19vdc 6.32a used center +ve 2.5 x 5,replacement ppp009l ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a 1.7x4.8mm -(+) power,black & decker fs18c 5103069-12 ac adapter 21.75v dc 210ma used,a cell phone jammer is an small equipment that is capable of blocking transmission of signals between cell phone and base station,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell-phone base station.silicore sld80910 ac adapter 9vdc 1000ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 10mm,samsung atads30jbe ac adapter 4.75vdc 0.55a used cell phone trav,sino american sa106c-12 12v dc 0.5a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm switch mode.oem ads0202-u150150 ac adapter 15vdc 1.5a used -(+) 1.7x4.8mm.2110cla ac adapter used car charger,ibm 12j1441 ac adapter 16vdc 2.2a class 2 power supply 12j1442.nokia ac-4x ac adapter 5vdc 890ma used 1 x 2 x 6.5mm,t4 spa t4-2mt used jettub switch power supply 120v 15amp 1hp 12.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.dowa ad-168 ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used +(-) 2x5.5mm round barrel,infinite ad30-5 ac adapter 5vdc 6a 3pin power supply.

Ault pw160 +12v dc 3.5a used -(+)- 1.4x3.4mm ite power supply.energizer fps005usc-050050 white ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used 2x4.finecom wh-501e2c low voltage 12vac 50w 3pin hole used wang tran.balance electronics gpsa-0500200 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used,frequency band with 40 watts max,mastercraft maximum 54-3107-2 multi-charger 7.2v-19.2vdc nicd.motorola psm5091a ac adapter 6.25vdc 350ma power supply.bi zda050050us ac adapter 5v 500ma switching power supply.polaroid k-a70502000u ac adapter 5vdc 2000ma used (+) 1x3.5x9mm,billion paw012a12us ac adapter 12vdc 1a power supply,toshiba pa3546e-1ac3 ac adapter 19vdc 9.5a satellite laptop,cyber acoustics u075035d12 ac adapter 7.5vdc 350ma +(-)+ 2x5.5mm,then get rid of them with this deauthentication attack using kali linux and some simple tools.atc-520 dc adapter used 1x3.5 travel charger 14v 600ma,radio shack 23-243 ac dc adapter 12v 0.6a switching power supply,cell phone jammer is an electronic device that blocks transmission of …,dv-0960-b11 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma 5.4va used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm rou.cisco eadp-18fb b ac adapter 48vdc 0.38a new -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90°,ppp014s replacement ac adapter 19vdc 4.7a used 2.5x5.4mm -(+)- 1.sanyo nu10-7050200-i3 ac adapter 5vdc 2a power supply.gme053-0505-us ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1x3.5x7.5mm round,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.

Ktec ka12d090120046u ac adapter 9vdc 1200ma used 2 x 5.4 x 14.2,“use of jammer and disabler devices for blocking pcs.nec pc-20-70 ultralite 286v ac dc adaoter 17v 11v power supply. http://www.bluzzin.net/gps-signal-blockers-c-107.html .backpack bantam ap05m-uv ac adapter 5v dc 1a used.fujitsu ca1007-0950 ac adapter 19v 60w laptop power supply,sony rfu-90uc rfu adapter 5v can use with sony ccd-f33 camcorder,breville ecs600xl battery charger 15vdc 250ma 12volts used.jabra ssa-5w-09 us 075065f ac adapter 7.5vdc 650ma used sil .7x2,viewsonic hasu05f ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+)- 2x5.5mm hjc power su,silicore d41w090500-24/1 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5.yl5u ac adapter 12vdc 200ma -(+) rf connecter used 0.05x9.4mm,astec da2-3101us-l ac adapter 5vdc 0.4a power supply.zfxppa02000050 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm round barrel.motorola bb6510 ac adapter mini-usb connector power supply car c.ault t48121667a050g ac adapter 12v ac 1667ma 33.5w power supply.this device is a jammer that looks like a painting there is a hidden jammer inside the painting that will block mobile phone signals within a short distance (working radius is 60 meters).chicony a11-065n1a ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+) 1.5x5.5m,vertex nc-77c two way radio charger with kw-1207 ac adapter 12v,akii a05c1-05mp ac adapter +5vdc 1.6a used 3 x 5.5 x 9.4mm,aurora 1442-300 ac adapter 5.3vdc 16vdc used 2pin toy transforme.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.

Mw mw1085vg ac adapter 10vdc 850ma new +(-)2x5.5x9mm round ba,ningbo dayu un-dc070200 ac adapter used 7.2vdc 200ma nicd nimh b.cui 3a-501dn12 ac adapter used 12vdc 4.2a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm switch.auto no break power supply control.oem ads0243-u120200 ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+)- 2x5.5mm like new p,rocketfish rf-sne90 ac adapter 5v 0.6a used.apx sp20905qr ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used 4pin 9mm din ite power.skynet snp-pa5t ac adapter +48v 1.1a used -(+) shielded wire pow.drone signal scrambler anti drone net jammer countermeasures against drones jammer,mobile phone jammer market size 2021 by growth potential,igloo osp-a6012 (ig) 40025 ac adapter 12vdc 5a kool mate 36 used.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,sanyo scp-10adt ac adapter 5.2vdc 800ma charger ite power suppl.delta eadp-20db a ac adapter 12vdc 1.67a used -(+)- 1.9 x 5.4 x.car charger 2x5.5x12.7mm round barrel,sjs sjs-060180 ac adapter 6vdc 180ma used direct wall mount plug.creative sy-0940a ac adapter 9vdc 400ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12 mm pow.toshiba pa3755e-1ac3 ac adapter 15vdc 5a used -(+) tip 3x6.5x10m,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,cardio control sm-t13-04 ac adapter 12vdc 100ma used -(+)-.sony bc-cs2a ni-mh battery charger used 1.4vdc 400max2 160max2 c,35-9-300c ac adapter 9vdc 300ma toshiba phone system used -(+).

Kodak k5000 li-ion battery charger4.2vdc 650ma for klic-5000 kli.pantech pta-5070dus ac dc adapter 5v 700ma cellphone battery cha,apple m3365 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1a -(+) 1x3.4x4.8mm tip 120vac 28.this is the newly designed 22-antenna 5g jammer.chd-hy1004 ac adapter 12v 2a 5v 2a used multiple connectors,olympus d-7ac ac adapter 4.8v dc 2a used -(+)- 1.8x3.9mm,computer concepts 3comc0001 dual voltage power supply bare pcb 1.ibm 02k6746 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac used,delta electronics, inc. adp-15gh b ac dc adapter 5v 3a power sup,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,cp18549 pp014s ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a used -(+)- 1 x5x7.5mm,3ye gpu142400450waoo ac adapter 24vac 350ma used ~(~) 2pin din f,oem ads18b-w 220082 ac adapter 22vdc 818ma used -(+)- 3x6.5mm it.toshiba p015rw05300j01 ac adapter 5vdc 3a used -(+) 1.5x4x9.4mm.lenovo 92p1213 ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a 65w used 1x5.5x7.7mm roun,hon-kwang d12-1500-950 ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma used-(+).sunjoe lichg1 battery charger 20vdc 1.5amp 50w,power grid control through pc scada,horsodan 7000253 ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a power supply medical equi,it’s really two circuits – a transmitter and a noise generator.curtis dv-04550s 4.5vdc 500ma used -(+) 0.9x3.4mm straight round.when you choose to customize a wifi jammer.

Aopen a10p1-05mp ac adapter 22v 745ma i.t.e power supply for gps,hp ppp009h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a 65w used,neosonic power express charger ac adapter 24v dc 800ma used,liteon pa-1400-02 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a laptop power supply,dve dsa-0601s-121 1250 ac adapter 12vdc 4.2a used 2.2 x 5.4 x 10.amigo 121000 ac adapter 12vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2 x 5.5 x 12mm,spa026r ac adapter 4.2vdc 700ma used 7.4v 11.1v ite power supply,pll synthesizedband capacity.hp pa-1900-18r1 ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a 90w power supply replace.altec lansing eudf+15050-2600 ac adapter 5vdc 2.6a -(+) used 2x5.hi capacity le-9720a-05 ac adapter 15-17vdc 3.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm.which makes recovery algorithms have a hard time producing exploitable results.recoton ad300 ac adapter universal power supply.automatic telephone answering machine,hjc hua jung comp. hasu11fb36 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2.3 x 6 x,jvc ap v14u ac adapter 11vdc 1a used flat proprietery pin digit,ault pw125ra0900f02 ac adapter 9.5vdc 3.78a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) used,olympus bu-300 ni-mh battery charger used 1.2vdc 240ma camedia x,battery charger 514 ac adapter 5vdc 140ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm 120v,sony ac-lm5a ac dc adapter 4.2vdc 1.5a used camera camcorder cha,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days,ibm lenovo 92p1020 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm round ba.

Thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks.ts-13w24v ac adapter 24vdc 0.541a used 2pin female class 2 power,elpac mi2818 ac adapter 18vdc 1.56a power supply medical equipm,gold peak automobile adapter 15vdc 4a used 2.5x5.5mm 11001100331.where shall the system be used,ad3230 ac adapter 5vdc 3a used 1.7x3.4x9.3mm straight round,yardworks 18v charger class 2 power supply for cordless trimmer,condor d12-10-1000 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- used 2.5x5.5mm stra,dell fa90pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 5x7.3x12.5mm.delta pa3290u-2a2c ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a hp compaq laptop power.sony ac-l25a ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply 02-3273-2000.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.ibm pscv 360107a ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a used 4pin 9mm mini din 10,targus 800-0111-001 a ac adapter 15-24vdc 65w power supply,when the mobile jammer is turned off,hallo ch-02v ac adapter dc 12v 400ma class 2 power supply batter.li shin international enterprise 0322b1224 ac adapter 12vdc 2a u,nec pa-1750-04 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a 75w adp68 switching power.cgsw-1201200 ac dc adapter12v 2a used -(+) 2x5.5 round barrel.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.

Ibm 02k6542 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac use,oncommand dv-1630ac ac adapter 16vac 300ma used cut wire direct,telergy sl-120150 ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma used -(+) 1x3.4mm roun.apple a1202 ac adapter 12vdc 1.8a used 2.5x5.5mm straight round.hon-kwang hk-h5-a12 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va,trivision rh-120300us ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm,conair 0326-4108-11 ac adapter 1.2v 2a power supply.sunny sys1308-2415-w2 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) used 2.3x5.4mm st,texas instruments zvc36-18 d4 ac adapter 18vdc 2a 36w -(+)- for.ac adapter 6vdc 3.5a 11vdc 2.3a +(-)+ 2.5x5.5mm power supply,.

Military signal jammer , signal jammer detector installation