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By Gyles Panther Small ceramic patch elements offer nearly perfect single-frequency receive characteristics and have become the standard for GPS L1 antennas. However, the new generation of GNSS receivers now being introduced track many satellites in multiple constellations. Are these narrow-band devices up to the task for wider bandwidths? L1 Compass and GLONASS navigation signals are broadcast on frequencies close to GPS L1, but the offset exceeds the circular-response bandwidth of small patch antennas. This article discusses the nature of the defects to be expected with the use of small patches over the broader bandwidths required, and contrasts this with the higher performance of dual-feed patch antennas. It is very difficult to evaluate the relative merits of GNSS antennas without very specialized equipment and resources. An accurate method for comparative evaluation of competing antennas is described that makes use of the C/N0 values reported by GNSS receivers. A particular challenge facing GNSS is the threat posed by encroaching interfering signals; the LightSquared terrestrial segment signals often being quoted. Relatively simple measures are described to make GNSS antennas immune and the small resulting hit to antenna performance is quantified. Circularly-Polarized Carrier Signals The civilian signals transmitted from GNSS satellites are right hand circularly polarized (RHCP). This allows for arbitrary orientation of a receiving patch antenna (orthogonal to the direction of propagation) and, with a good co-polarized antenna, has the added benefit of cross polarization rejection. For conceptualization, circularly polarized (CP) signals can be thought of as comprised of two orthogonal, linearly polarized signals offset in phase by 90 degrees, as shown in fig 1 below. With one feed defined as I (in-phase), and the other Q (quadrature), the response of the antenna will either be LHCP or RHCP depending upon the polarity of the Q signal phase relative to that of the I signal. If a CP signal is reflected from a metallic surface (such as metalized glass), the reflected signal becomes cross-polarized, so that a reflected RHCP signal becomes LHCP, and vice-versa. Unlike the linearly polarized (LP) case, a good CP receiving antenna will reject cross-polarized signals resulting from a single reflection. In this respect, reception of CP signals by a CP antenna is considerably improved relatively to linearly polarized signals. FIGURE 1. Graphic representation of circular polarization (from Innovation column, July 1998 GPS World). Frequency Plans At this time, four global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are either in service or expected to achieve full operational capability within the next 2–3 years: GPS, of course, GLONASS, also now fully deployed, Galileo, and Compass, expected to be deployed over the next two years. Thus the systems and signals to be considered are: GPS-L1 at 1575.42 MHz; GLONASS L1, specified at 1602MHz (+6, –7) × Fs, where Fs is 0.5625 MHz; Compass at 1561 MHz; Galileo L1 as a transparent overlay on the GPS system at 1575.42 MHz. It has emerged that considerable accuracy and availability benefits derive from tracking a larger number of satellites from multiple constellations. Notably, STMicroelectronics has produced an excellent animation of the GPS and GLONASS constellations that shows the theoretical improvement in accuracy and fix availability that derive from simultaneously tracking GPS and GLONASS satellites in Milan, For a really interesting comparison check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FlXRzwaOvM. Most GNSS chip manufacturers now have multi-constellational GNSS receiver chips or multi-chip modules at various stages of development. It is awe-inspiring that the navigational and tracking devices in our cars and trucks will in the very near future concurrently track many satellites from several GNSS constellations. Garmin etrex 10/20/30 handhelds now have GLONASS as well as GPS capability. Small single-feed patch antennas have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth up to about 16 MHz. This format is cheap to build and provides almost ideal GPS L1 characteristics. Multi-constellation receivers such as GPS/GLONASS require antennas with an operational bandwidth of up to 32 MHz, and up to 49 MHz to also cover Compass. Patch Antenna Overview The familiar patch element is a small square ceramic substrate, fully metalized on one side, acting as a ground plane, and on the other, a metalized square patch. This structure constitutes two orthogonal high-Q resonant cavities, one along each major axis. An incident circular electromagnetic wave induces a ground current and an induced voltage (emf) between the patch edge and ground plane so that at  resonance, the cavity is coupled to free space by these fringing fields. A typical low-cost GPS L1 patch is a 25 × 25 × 4 mm block of ceramic (or smaller) with a single-feed pin. Patches as small as 12 mm square can be fabricated on high-dielectric constant substrates, but at the cost of lower gain and bandwidth. The two axes are coupled either by chamfered patch corners or by offset tuning plus diagonal feed pin positions (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Patch RHCP configurations: left, corner chamfer; right, diagonal feed. An alternate form of patch antenna has independent feeds for each axis. The feeds are combined in a network that fully isolates the two feeds. Dual-feed antennas can provide nearly ideal characteristics but are inherently more expensive to build. See Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Dual-feed patch (left) and feed combiner (right). Basic Performance Parameters The factors that have a direct bearing on patch performance are: Gain and radiation pattern; Available signal-to-noise as a function of receiver gain and low-noise amplifier (LNA) noise figure; Bandwidth, measured as: radiated power gain bandwidth; impedance bandwidth; or axial ratio bandwidth. Gain and Radiation Pattern. Patch antennas are specified and usually used with an external ground plane, typically 70 or 100 millimeters (mm) square. Without an external ground plane a reasonable approximation of the radiation pattern is a circle tangential to the patch ground plane with a peak gain of about 3 dBic (dBic includes all power in a circular wave). The addition of an external ground plane increases the peak gain at zenith by up to 2 dB. The pattern shown in Figure 4 is typical for a 25 mm patch on a 100 mm ground plane. The gain peaks just under 5 dBic, dropping to about 0 dB at an elevation angle of ±60 degrees (the horizon is 90 degrees). FIGURE 4. Radiation pattern for 25 mm patch on 100 mm ground plane. Table 1 tabulates approximate gain values at zenith for a range of GPS L1 patch sizes, mounted on a 100-mm ground plane, at resonance, radiated with a RHCP signals (that is, dBic). TABLE 1. Patch size versus gain at zenith. Clearly, gain is significantly lower for patches smaller than 25 mm square. Not illustrated here is that the bandwidths of antennas smaller than 25 mm also become too narrow for consideration for anything other than single-frequency signals such as GPS L1. Achievable C/N0. The carrier signal-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) is a fundamental measure of signal quality and hence antenna performance. For a given receiver, if the C/N0 is degraded due to any cause, be it a poorly tuned patch or bad LNA noise figure or other, the shortfall in performance is non-recoverable. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the transmitted GPS L1 signal from the space vehicles is approximately 27 dBW. If D is the range to the satellite, and λ is the carrier wavelength, the free space path loss, PL, is given by PL = [ λ / (4 × π × D)]2 The signal power received at the antenna terminals, Pr, is given by: Pr = EIRP × Gr × PL where Gr is the receive antenna gain. The noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, N0, referred back to the antenna terminals is given by: N0 = 10log(Te × k), where Te is the overall system noise temperature, and k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus C/N0, the ratio of received carrier power to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth, referred to the antenna is C/N0 = Pr / N0 Quantifying this calculation: For λ = 0.19 meters (corresponding to the L1 frequency), and an orbit height of 21,000 kilometers, the path loss, PL = –182.8 dBW. The received signal power, Pr = EIRP(dBW) + Gr(dB)+ PL(dB) (in dBW) Assuming the mid-elevation antenna gain, Gr, is 3 dBic, Pr = –152.8 dBW. For a cascaded system such as a GPS receiver, the overall noise temperature is given by: Te = Ts + Tlna + Tgps/Glna where Te is the overall receiver system noise temperature, Ts is an estimate of sky-noise temperature at 1575.42 MHz, assumed to be 80 K, Tlna is the LNA noise temperature (76 K for an LNA noise figure of 1 dB), Glna is the LNA gain (631 for 28 dB gain), and Tgps is the noise temperature of the GPS receiver (636 K for 5 dB receiver noise figure). Thus, Te = 157.1 K and N0 = –206.6 dBW. The available ratio of received carrier power to 1 Hz noise, C/N0, referenced to the antenna is: C/N0 = Pr/(Te × k) – (implementation loss) where implementation loss is an estimate of the decode implementation loss in the GPS receiver, assumed to be 2 dB (something of a fiddle factor, but reasonable!) Thus, C/N0 = –152.8 – (–206.6) – 2 dB = 51.8 dB. For satellites that subtend a high elevation angle, the reported C/N0 could be 2 dB higher or 53.8 dB best case. A good circular antenna should provide C/N0 values in the range 51 dB–53 dB. This can be checked using the (NMEA) $GPGSV message output from most GNSS receivers. Comparative measurement of C/N0 provides the basis for comparative antenna evaluation as described later. Single-Feed Bandwidth. Bandwidth of single-feed patches can be defined in several quite different ways. Radiated power gain bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the amplitude at the terminals of the receiving antenna is not more than X dB below the peak amplitude, with an incident CP field. Axial ratio bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the ratio of the maximum to minimum output signal powers for any two orthogonal axes is less than Y dB. This is an indicator of how well the antenna will reject cross-polarized signals. Return loss (RL) or impedance bandwidth: that over which the feed input return loss is less than Z dB. This is very easy to measure, and gives the most optimistic bandwidth value. The input impedance of a single-feed patch is shown in Figure 5. The rotated W-shape of the single-feed patch impedance is a result of the coupling between the two axes of the patch. The 10 dB return loss, called S11, is shown as a circle, outside of which |S11| > –10 dB. These measures of bandwidth are shown for 25 × 25 × 4 mm and two thicknesses of 36 mm2 antennas in Table 2. FIGURE 5. S11 for a 25 mm single-feed patch. TABLE 2. The various measures of patch bandwidth. These different measures yield large differences in bandwidth. The merits of each depends on what is important to the user. From a purist viewpoint, the most intuitively useful measure of bandwidth is the 0.5 dB radiated gain value. Even then, at the band edges so defined, the axial ratio for a 25 mm2 × 4 mm patch is degraded to about 5 dB, just on the negative side of ok. As shown in Table 2, the 10 dB return loss bandwidth is comparatively wide. Figure 6 shows the EФ and Eϴ fields for a 36-mm patch a) at resonance and, b) and c), at the upper and lower –10 dB RL frequencies. At resonance the fields are equal, and the radiation is circular (add 3 dB for the CP gain). At the two 10 dB RL offset frequencies, the axial ratio is about 9 dB, with the dominant axis swapped at the band edges.  (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 6. (a) Realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed at resonance, Fc.  (b) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ , single-feed, Fc+F–10 dB. (c) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed, Fc-F+10dB. As a transmitter, a 10 dB return loss would correspond to 90 percent of the energy transmitted, in this case, mostly on a single axis. By reciprocity, as a receiver, the single axis gain of the patch at the 10 dB RL frequency is higher (by about 2 dB ) than at resonance. So, if a linear response can be tolerated, the 10 dB bandwidth is a useful measure, albeit for a very non-ideal response. Because the two axes are only balanced at resonance, single-feed patches are only truly circular at resonance. An ideal CP antenna has an equal response to a linearly polarized signal, for any rotational angle of incidence. Figure 7 shows the response of a CP antenna to a LP signal for any rotation, which is 3 dB down relative to the response to a co-polarized CP wave. Figure 7. Perfect CP response to linearly polarized waveform. In contrast, Figure 8 shows the responses of a single-feed patch (25 mm2 × 4 mm) as a function of field rotation with a linearlarly polarized wave. Note that, at resonance, all of the responses have the same amplitude because the patch is circular at that frequency. Figure 8. 25-millimeter single-feed patch response to linear polarization rotation. The responses shown above are for the following conditions: A)  single axis excitation (axis A) B)  single axis excitation (axis B) C)  equal axis excitation, antipodal D)  equal axis excitation, in-phase. The relevance of this is that a circular polarized wave can become elliptical as a result of multipath interference. Figure 8 shows that the antenna response can be highly variable as a function of the angle of the ellipse principal axis. This is another way of looking at impaired cross-polarization rejection. In addition, poor axial ratio results in non-equal contributions from each of EФ and Eϴ as the E vector of a linearly polarized wave is rotated. Thus an antenna with a poor axial ratio has a non-linear phase response, unlike a truly CP antenna which has an output phase that rotates proportionally with the E vector rotation. 25 mm2 patches for GPS/GLONASS applications are tuned to the mid frequency of 1590 MHz. Because the RHCP response is narrow, so is the cross polarization rejection, which is also centered at 1590 MHz, Figure 9 shows the simulated response of a single-feed 25 mm patch to co-polarized and cross polarized fields. Figure 9. Co-polarized and cross polarized response, single-feed patch. The cross-polarization rejection is degraded at both GPS and GLONASS  frequencies, so that much of the ability of the antenna to reject reflected signals is lost. Against these criteria, a 25 × 25 × 4 mm single-feed patch element can provide good CP performance over about 16 MHz. Of course, initial tuning tolerance must be subtracted from this. However, even within the 0.5 dB radiated gain bandwidth the axial ratio rapidly becomes degraded to about 5 dB, and at larger offsets, the patch response becomes virtually linearly polarized, with poor cross-polarization rejection and phase response. However, as a redeeming feature, the single-feed patch has a wideband frequency response albeit linearly polarized at the GPS and GLONASS frequencies (the band edges). Dual-Feed Patches By comparison, dual-feed patches can provide almost ideal characteristics over the bandwidth of the patch element. Figure 3 shows a typical physical configuration and a schematic representation for the feed combining network. This ensures that the two axis feeds are fully isolated from each other over all frequencies of interest. The well known 90-degree hybrid coupler provides exactly the required transfer function. The Smith chart in Figure 10 shows the impedance of one of the two feeds (that is, one axis) and the combiner output impedance, this being just a small locus close to 50 ohms. Figure 10. Dual-feed patch, single axis and combiner S11. Contributions from each axis at all frequencies are theoretically identical for a perfect specimen, so that the configuration naturally has an almost ideal axial ratio (0 dB). Gain and Radiation Pattern. At resonance, the mode of operation of the single and dual-feed patches is identical so, unsurprisingly, the gain and radiation pattern are also the same; see Figure 4. Dual-Feed Bandwidth. The 1 dB radiation bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is just less than 1 MHz narrower than if configured as a single feed. Otherwise, the bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is simply the resonant characteristic of the cavities comprised of each axis. The allowable in-band roll-off defines the patch bandwidth, which in any event should not be worse than 1.0 dB, including initial tuning errors. The response for a 36 × 36 × 6 mm patch is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Co-polarization and cross-polarization response, dual-feed patch. Axial Ratio. Because the axial ratio of dual-feed patches is inherently good, the cross-polarization rejection is also good. The simulated cross-polarization response for the dual-feed patch is also shown in Figure 11. In reality, small gain and phase imbalances in the printed circuit board, hybrid coupler, and patch itself will prevent the axial ratio from being perfect and cross-polarization response not quite so ideal. With good manufacturing controls, axial ratio can be held to typically better than 2 dB. The obvious question is, since dual-feed devices have nearly ideal characteristics, why not just make a low cost small dual-feed antenna? There are three issues: The first is that the feed offsets required for a 25 mm2 patch are physically too close for two feed pins. Secondly, a dual-feed structure requires an additional relatively expensive combiner component; thirdly, sometimes, the only way to achieve the necessary bandwidth is through the considerably extended, but linearly polarized bandwidth of the single-feed patch. That said, were it possible, it would be the ideal solution. Comparative Performance The C/N0 value reported in the NMEA $GPGSV message provides a simple method for comparative evaluation of GNSS antennas. The idea is to compare reported C/N0 values for a number of competing antenna types. This requires a reference GPS receiver, a logging computer and the antennas to be evaluated, and these should be arranged so that: The computer is set up to log the NMEA $GPGSV messages output from the receiver ($GLGSV for GLONASS). Each antenna is placed and centered on identical ground planes (100 mm), The antennas-under-test are not closer to each other than 0.5 meters (to ensure no coupling), and Each antenna-under-test has a clear sight of the whole sky, and It is possible to quickly switch the antenna connectors at the receiver. The method is to connect each antenna in sequence for 15 seconds or so, and to log NMEA data during that time. The antenna connector substitution should be slick, so that the receiver quickly re-acquires, and to validate the assumption of a quasi-stationary constellation. Each NMEA $GPGSV message reports C/N0, at the antenna, for up to 4 satellites in view. The best reported average C/N0 value for specific satellites 49 dB and above are the values of interest. The winner is the highest reported C/N0 value for each constellation. This sequence should be repeated a few times to get the best estimate. The important parameter is the difference between the reported C/N0 and the receiver acquisition C/N0 threshold. If the acquisition C/N0 threshold is –30 dB, an antenna that yields –49 dB C/N0 has a 19 dB margin, while an antenna that yields 52 dB has a 22 dB margin — a big difference. Immunity to LightSquared Much has been written regarding the threat of the prospective terrestrial segment that the LightSquared L-band communication system poses for GPS (and GNSS in general), which mostly is true. On the other hand, front-end protection for GNSS antennas is a relatively simple, inexpensive addition. The performance cost (in addition to a very small dollar cost increment) is an unavoidable but relatively small sensitivity hit. Note that L-band augmentation systems, other than WAAS and compatible systems, face a more difficult problem. This is not just a LightSquared issue. In several corners of the world, transmission of high-level signals are permitted that have the potential to interfere with GPS either by source distortion or inter-modulation within the GPS antenna front end itself. The primary hazard is saturation of the first stage of what is usually a two stage LNA. So, the only way to protect against this is a pre-filter, as shown in Figure 12. FIGURE 12. Pre-filtered antenna architecture. There is a trade-off between the slope and corner frequency of the pre-filter out-of-band rejection and its associated insertion loss. The table below shows the response with a wider filter with an insertion loss of 1 dB, the second a more aggressive filter with a 2.5 dB insertion loss (IL). Table 3 shows overall noise figure including and excluding sky noise. Sky-noise temperature is used here as a catchall that includes true sky-noise, thermal noise (the antenna can partially see the local environment), plus similar factors. The value used is arguable, but experience indicates this is a reasonable number. The existence of sky noise limits the lowest available noise figure and sets the effect of a pre-filter in the correct context. In any event addition of a quite adequate pre-filter against a 1536 MHz signal can be achieved with less than 1 dB impact on received C/N0. TABLE 3. Rejection and noise figure for pre-filtered antenna. Putting It All Together Small (25 mm2 × 4 mm) single-feed patches are only truly circularly polarized at resonance but do have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth of about 16 MHz, and almost perfect for GPS L1. The pre-dominance of this format for GPS L1 is fully justified. However, when used to receive wider bandwidth signals such as GPS/GLONASS, single-feed patch antennas suffer from a litany of minor flaws, most particularly poor axial ratio and poor cross-polarization rejection. On the other hand, the coupling that happens in single-feed antennas results in a very wide 10 dB return loss bandwidth but at the band edges (where the GNSS signals are) they are virtually linearly polarized. There is no doubt that the performance of small single-feed patches for bandwidths such as those required for GPS/GLONASS coverage is marginal. However, to no small extent, the sensitivity of modern receiver chips is so good that marginal antenna performance can often be accommodated, at least from a basic operational viewpoint. The receiver bails out the antenna. However, the end result must be degraded GNSS reception. If the application cannot tolerate reduced GNSS availability or accuracy because of marginal antenna performance the choice should be a dual-feed patch type. This will present the GNSS receiver with more consistent signals levels and phase responses and less interference. The end result should be faster acquisition, and realization of the improvement in horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) that GPS/GLONASS offers. The reported values of C/N0 in the $GPGCV NMEA message provides a simple and sensitive means to comparatively evaluate antenna performance. A not insignificant consideration is that the antenna is usually a very visible part of a bigger system, and unavoidably represents the quality of the user equipment. In that case, the antenna housing robustness and appearance may also be a criterion to maintain the image of the end product. The final point is that introduction of pre-filters into active GNSS is a good idea, whose time has come. This provides protection against the well known bug-a-boo, but also protects against known interference in other parts of the world. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Inpaq Technologies (Suzhou) Ltd., for provision of patch samples and technical support; Rony Amaya, adjunct research professor, Carleton University, Ottawa, for discussions and assistance in preparing this article; and STMicroeletronics for permission to cite the GPS+GLONASS demonstration video. Gyles Panther is president and CTO of Tallysman Wireless (www.tallysman.com) and has an honors degree in applied physics from City University, London. He has worked in the fields of RF and satellite communications for more than 20 years. As CTO of a precursor company he was the principal engineer for the development of a wide-area Canadian differential GPS corrections system (CDGPS) receiver. Tallysman is a new start-up specializing in high-performance GNSS antennas and systems.

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Seh sal115a-0525u-6 ac adapter 5vdc 2a i.t.e switching power sup,astec sa35-3146 ac adapter 20vdc 1.75a power supply,scada for remote industrial plant operation.panasonic rp-bc126a ni-cd battery charger 2.4v 350ma class 2 sal.j0d-41u-16 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.4 x 7.2 mm.liteon pa-1750-11 ac adapter -(+)- 19vdc 4a used 2.7x5.4mm.cisco 16000 ac adapter 48vdc 380ma used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.5 x 10.2 m,high power hpa-602425u1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.2a power supply.fournis par fabricant chinois - al …,philips 4203 030 77990 ac adapter 1.6v dc 80ma charger.nokia acp-8u ac adapter 5.3v dc 500ma power supply for nokia cel,a strong signal is almost impossible to jam due to the high power of the transmitter tower of a cellular operator,hp ppp018h ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a power suppply 534554-002 for c.energizer tsa9-050120wu ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a used -(+) 1x 3.5mm.universal power supply ctcus-5.3-0.4 ac adapter 5.3vdc 400ma use,wacom aec-3512b class 2 transformer ac adatper 12vdc 200ma strai.dve dsa-0421s-091 ac adapter used -(+)2.5x5.5 9.5vdc 4a round b,plantronics ssa-5w 090050 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5m.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs,gold peak automobile adapter 15vdc 4a used 2.5x5.5mm 11001100331,delta adp-43ab rev a ac adapter 16.8v dc 2.6a used 3x6.2x10mm 90.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.razer ts06x-2u050-0501d ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x8mm r.ryobi 1400666 charger 14vdc 2a 45w for cordless drill 1400652 ba,apd da-36j12 ac dc adapter 12v 3a power supply.channel well cap012121 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used 1.3x3.6x7.3mm,switching power supply fy1201000 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2,toshiba delta pa3714e-1ac3ac adapter 19v3.42alaptop power.toshiba pa3080u-1aca paaca004 ac adapter 15vdc 3a used -(+)- 3x6.canon cb-2ls battery charger 4.2v dc 0.5a used digital camera s1,ultech ut-9092 ac adapter 9vdc 1800ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240v.compaq series 2872a ac adapter 18.75v 3.15a 41w? 246960-001,the best cell phone signal booster to get for most people is the weboost home 4g cell phone signal booster (view on ebay ).fsp group fsp065-aab ac adapter 19vdc 3.42ma used -(+)- 2x5.5,sil ssa-12w-09 us 090120f ac adapter 9vdc 1200ma used -(+) 2x5.5,apple adp-22-611-0394 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.6a 5pin megnatic used,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,finecom gt-21089-1305-t2 ac adapter 5v 2.6a new 3pin din power,pride mobility elechg1024 ea1089a ac acid battery charger adapte,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,4312a ac adapter 3.1vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.5x0.7x4.6mm round barr,sun fone actm-02 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+)- 2 x 3.4 x 9.6 m,new bright a519201194 battery charger 7v 150ma 6v nicd rechargab.

Ibm 49g2192 ac adapter 20-10v 2.00-3.38a power supply49g2192 4.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.texas instruments adp-9510-19a ac adapter 19vdc 1.9a used -(+)-.0335c2065 advent ac dc adapter 20v 3.25a charger power supply la.replacement ac adapter 15dc 5a 3x6.5mm fo acbel api4ad20 toshiba,samsung atads10use ac adapter cellphonecharger used usb europe.le-9702b ac adapter 12vdc 3.5a used -(+) 4pin din lcd power supp,digipower tc-500 travel charger 4.2/8 4vdc 0.75a used battery po,delta adp-90sb bd ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5x11mm.novus dc-401 ac adapter 4.5vdc 100ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.5mm,complete infrastructures (gsm,samsung ad-6019 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a -(+) 3x5.5mm used roun ba.samsung tad437 jse ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used.travel charger powe,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,these devices were originally created to combat threats like cell phone-triggered explosives and hostage situations,d-link amsi-0501200fu ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100.armaco ba2424 ac adapter 24vdc 200ma used 117v 60hz 10w power su.ps120v15-d ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a used2x5.5mm -(+) straight ro,mini handheld mobile phone and gps signal jammer.edac ea12203 ac adapter 20vdc 6a used 2.6 x 5.4 x 11mm,it deliberately incapacitates mobile phones within range.a device called “cell phone jammer circuit” comes in handy at such situations where one needs to stop this disrupting ringing and that device is named as a cell phone jammer or ‘gsm jammer’ in technical terms,panasonic pqlv219 ac adapter 6.5vdc 500ma -(+) 1.7x4.7mm power s,canada and most of the countries in south america,ac adapter 6vdc 3.5a 11vdc 2.3a +(-)+ 2.5x5.5mm power supply.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful.nexxtech 2200502 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1000ma used -(+) ite power s,microsoft dpsn-10eb xbox 360 quick charge kit,spa026r ac adapter 4.2vdc 700ma used 7.4v 11.1v ite power supply,auto charger 12vdc to 5v 1a micro usb bb9900 car cigarette light,digipower tc-3000 1 hour universal battery charger.dell pa-1131-02d2 ac adapter 19.5v 6.7a 130w used 4.9 x 7.4 x 12,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1,a mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations.sony ac-l25a ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.7a 3 pin connector charger ac-l.olympus ps-bcm2 bcm-2 li-on battery charger used 8.35vdc 400ma 1,nyko mtp051ul-050120 ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.6 x.its called denial-of-service attack.kodak easyshare camera dock ii cx4200 series with 7v ac adapter,fujitsu fmv-ac316 ac adapter 19vdc 6.32a used center +ve 2.5 x 5.pt-103 used 12vac 20va class 2 transformer power supply wire cut,t41-9-0450d3 ac adapter 9vvdc 450ma -(+) used 1.2x5.3 straight r.

Li shin lse9802a1240 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a 40w round barrel.sb2d-025-1ha 12v 2a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.7a 47-63hz new s,sony pcga-ac16v6 ac adapter 16vdc 4a -(+) 3x6.5mm power supply f,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,compaq adp-50ch bc ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a used 1.8x4.8mm round,a cell phone signal jammer (or mobile phone jammer ) is a device used to disrupt communication signals between mobile phones and their base stations.bellsouth dv-1250ac ac adapter 12vac 500ma 23w power supply.mastercraft 054-3103-0 dml0529 90 minute battery charger 10.8-18.phihong psm11r-120 ac adapter 12v dc 0.84a max new 2x5.5x9.5mm,jentec ah3612-y ac adapter 12v 2.1a 1.1x3.5mm power supply,hp pa-1900-18r1 ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a 90w power supply replace,cincon tr36a-13 ac adapter 13.5v dc 2.4a power supply,toshiba pa2400u ac adapter 18v 1.1a notebook laptop power supply,delta adp-15hb rev b ac adapter 12v 1.25a used 3 x 5.5 x 11mm.4.6v 1a ac adapter used car charger for nintendo 3ds 12v.charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-,dataprobe k-12a 1420001 used 12amp switch power supplybrick di.hp pa-1650-32ht ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a ppp009l-e series 65w 60842.cte 4c24040a charger ac adapter 24vdc 4a 96w used 3pin xlr power,finecom py-398 ac adapter 5v dc 2000ma 1.3 x 3.5 x 9.8mm,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,71109-r ac adapter 24v dc 350ma power supply tv converter used,temperature controlled system,motorola psm4841b ac adapter 5.9vdc 350ma cellphone charger like,milwaukee 48-59-1812 dual battery charger used m18 & m12 lithium,dv-0960-b11 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma 5.4va used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm rou,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,dell pa-1131-02d ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.7a 130w pa-13 for dell pa1,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,meanwell gs220a24-r7b ac adapter 24vdc 9.2a 221w 4pin +(::)-10mm.car adapter charger used 3.5mm mono stereo connector,acbel polytech api-7595 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a power supply,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,select and click on a section title to view that jammer flipbook download the pdf section from within the flipbook panel <, thayerbusiness .this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,computer wise dv-1280-3 ac adapter 12v dc 1000ma class 2 transfo,with its highest output power of 8 watt,add items to your shopping list,targus pa-ac-70w ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a used missing pin universa,ap3911 ac dc adapter5v dc 500ma new +(-) 1.3x3.4x7.5mm straigh,serene cl cordless ac adapter 7.5vdc 300ma used 2.5x5.5x9.8mm 90,hauss mann 5105-18-2 (uc) 21.7v dc 1.7a charger power supply use.

Philips hq 8000 ac adapterused charger shaver 100-240v 50/6.now type set essid[victim essid name](as shown in below image),radioshack 273-1695 ac adapter 3,5,6,6.5vdc 2.5a digital camera.ault p57241000k030g ac adapter 24vdc 1a -(+) 1x3.5mm 50va power.replacement pa-1700-02 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a used straight round,archer 273-1651 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used +(-) 2x5x12mm round b,component telephone u090030d1201 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+),sceptre pa9500 ac adapter 9vac 500ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.7mm.asus pa-1650-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 2.5x5.4mm,dve dv-0920acs ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.2x3.6mm plug-in clas.auto charger 12vdc to 5v 0.5a car cigarette lighter mini usb pow,kvh’s new geo-fog 3d inertial navigation system (ins) continuously provides extremely accurate measurements that keep applications operating in challenging conditions.targus pa350 (ver 2.0) f1201 ac adapter 3-24vdc used universal a.comes in next with its travel 4g 2,dell pa-12 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34a power supply for latitude in.rayovac ps6 ac adapter 14.5 vdc 4.5a class 2 power supply.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,qc pass e-10 car adapter charger 0.8x3.3mm used round barrel.amigo ams4-1501600fu ac adapter 15vdc 1.6a -(+) 1.7x4.7mm 100-24,an indoor antenna broadcasts the strengthened signal so that your phone can receive it,eng 3a-122wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm white used swit.ast adp-lk ac adapter 14vdc 1.5a used -(+)- 3x6.2mm 5011250-001,eng 3a-041w05a ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.4 x 10 mm s,delta iadp-10sb hp ipaq ac adapter 5vdc 2a digital camera pda,ibm 02k6756 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 100-240vac powe,apple a1202 ac adapter 12vdc 1.8a used 2.5x5.5mm straight round.kenwood dc-4 mobile radio charger 12v dc,panasonic ag-b3a video ac adapter 12vdc 1.2a power supply,hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada.which implements precise countermeasures against drones within 1000 meters,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.ibm 85g6704 ac adapter 16v dc 2.2a power supply 4pin 85g6705 for,bti ib-ps365 ac adapter 16v dc 3.4a battery tecnology inc generi.energizer jsd-2710-050200 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 1.7x4x8.7mm ro,hp pa-1650-32hj ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.5a used 5 x 7.4 x 12.6 mm s.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,ibm pa-1121-07ii ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a 4pin female power supply,sharp ea-18a ac adapter 4.5vdc 200ma (-)+ used 2 x 5.5 x 11.7mm,oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11..samsung tad137vse ac adapter 5v 0.7a used special flat connector,delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a power supply printer hp photo,or prevent leaking of information in sensitive areas,radioshack 23-321 ac adapter 12v dc 280ma used 2-pin atx connect.

Olympus d-7ac ac adapter 4.8v dc 2a used -(+)- 1.8x3.9mm.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,ault p48480250a01rg ethernet injector power supply 48vdc 250ma.toshibapa2521u-3aca ac adapter 15vdc 6alaptop power supply,audf-20090-1601 ac adapter 9vdc 1500ma -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 120vac pow.मोबाइल फ़ोन जैमर विक्रेता.cui 3a-501dn12 ac adapter used 12vdc 4.2a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm switch,nokia ac-8e ac adapter 5v dc 890ma european cell phone charger,dc 90300a ac dc adapter 9v 300ma power supply,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,230 vusb connectiondimensions.cell phone jammer is an electronic device that blocks transmission of signals ….delta electronics 15662360 ac adapter 3.3v 7v4pin power supply,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,condor dv-1611a ac adapter 16v 1.1a used 3.5mm mono jack.delta adp-50sb ac adapter 19v 2.64a notebook powersupply.a cell phone jammer - top of the range.sony bc-cs2a ni-mh battery charger used 1.4vdc 400max2 160max2 c,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,delta eadp-36kb a ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round.asian power devices inc da-48h12 ac dc adapter 12v 4a power supp.replacement ppp003sd ac adapter 19v 3.16a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,qualcomm txaca031 ac adapter 4.1vdc 550ma used kyocera cell phon.motorola r35036060-a1 spn5073a ac adapter used 3.6vdc 600ma.hp pa-1650-32hn ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w used 2.5x5.5x7.6mm,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,compaq 2812 series ac adapter 18.5v 2.5a 35w presario laptop pow,12vdc 1.2a dc car adapter charger used -(+) 1.5x4x10.4mm 90 degr,ge tl26511 0200 rechargeable battery 2.4vdc 1.5mah for sanyo pc-,delta electronics adp-90sn ac adapter 19v 4.74a power supply.cobra ca 25 ac adapter dc 16v 100ma power supply charger,nec adp-50mb ac adapter 19v 2.64a laptop power supply.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,imex 9392 ac adapter 24vdc 65ma used 2 x 5.5 x 9.5mm.the source ak00g-0500100uu 5816516 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used ite,panasonic kx-tca1 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma +(-) 2x5.5mm used cordle,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.replacement pa-1900-18h2 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 4.7x9.phihong psa65u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a 4 pin molex 100-240vac sw,wahl db06-3.2-100 ac adapter 3.2vdc 100ma class 2 transformer.electra 26-26 ac car adapter 6vdc 300ma used battery converter 9.

The circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.sanyo nu10-7050200-i3 ac adapter 5vdc 2a power supply,.

Satellite tv signal jammer - tv blocker jammer diy