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By Gyles Panther Small ceramic patch elements offer nearly perfect single-frequency receive characteristics and have become the standard for GPS L1 antennas. However, the new generation of GNSS receivers now being introduced track many satellites in multiple constellations. Are these narrow-band devices up to the task for wider bandwidths? L1 Compass and GLONASS navigation signals are broadcast on frequencies close to GPS L1, but the offset exceeds the circular-response bandwidth of small patch antennas. This article discusses the nature of the defects to be expected with the use of small patches over the broader bandwidths required, and contrasts this with the higher performance of dual-feed patch antennas. It is very difficult to evaluate the relative merits of GNSS antennas without very specialized equipment and resources. An accurate method for comparative evaluation of competing antennas is described that makes use of the C/N0 values reported by GNSS receivers. A particular challenge facing GNSS is the threat posed by encroaching interfering signals; the LightSquared terrestrial segment signals often being quoted. Relatively simple measures are described to make GNSS antennas immune and the small resulting hit to antenna performance is quantified. Circularly-Polarized Carrier Signals The civilian signals transmitted from GNSS satellites are right hand circularly polarized (RHCP). This allows for arbitrary orientation of a receiving patch antenna (orthogonal to the direction of propagation) and, with a good co-polarized antenna, has the added benefit of cross polarization rejection. For conceptualization, circularly polarized (CP) signals can be thought of as comprised of two orthogonal, linearly polarized signals offset in phase by 90 degrees, as shown in fig 1 below. With one feed defined as I (in-phase), and the other Q (quadrature), the response of the antenna will either be LHCP or RHCP depending upon the polarity of the Q signal phase relative to that of the I signal. If a CP signal is reflected from a metallic surface (such as metalized glass), the reflected signal becomes cross-polarized, so that a reflected RHCP signal becomes LHCP, and vice-versa. Unlike the linearly polarized (LP) case, a good CP receiving antenna will reject cross-polarized signals resulting from a single reflection. In this respect, reception of CP signals by a CP antenna is considerably improved relatively to linearly polarized signals. FIGURE 1. Graphic representation of circular polarization (from Innovation column, July 1998 GPS World). Frequency Plans At this time, four global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are either in service or expected to achieve full operational capability within the next 2–3 years: GPS, of course, GLONASS, also now fully deployed, Galileo, and Compass, expected to be deployed over the next two years. Thus the systems and signals to be considered are: GPS-L1 at 1575.42 MHz; GLONASS L1, specified at 1602MHz (+6, –7) × Fs, where Fs is 0.5625 MHz; Compass at 1561 MHz; Galileo L1 as a transparent overlay on the GPS system at 1575.42 MHz. It has emerged that considerable accuracy and availability benefits derive from tracking a larger number of satellites from multiple constellations. Notably, STMicroelectronics has produced an excellent animation of the GPS and GLONASS constellations that shows the theoretical improvement in accuracy and fix availability that derive from simultaneously tracking GPS and GLONASS satellites in Milan, For a really interesting comparison check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FlXRzwaOvM. Most GNSS chip manufacturers now have multi-constellational GNSS receiver chips or multi-chip modules at various stages of development. It is awe-inspiring that the navigational and tracking devices in our cars and trucks will in the very near future concurrently track many satellites from several GNSS constellations. Garmin etrex 10/20/30 handhelds now have GLONASS as well as GPS capability. Small single-feed patch antennas have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth up to about 16 MHz. This format is cheap to build and provides almost ideal GPS L1 characteristics. Multi-constellation receivers such as GPS/GLONASS require antennas with an operational bandwidth of up to 32 MHz, and up to 49 MHz to also cover Compass. Patch Antenna Overview The familiar patch element is a small square ceramic substrate, fully metalized on one side, acting as a ground plane, and on the other, a metalized square patch. This structure constitutes two orthogonal high-Q resonant cavities, one along each major axis. An incident circular electromagnetic wave induces a ground current and an induced voltage (emf) between the patch edge and ground plane so that at  resonance, the cavity is coupled to free space by these fringing fields. A typical low-cost GPS L1 patch is a 25 × 25 × 4 mm block of ceramic (or smaller) with a single-feed pin. Patches as small as 12 mm square can be fabricated on high-dielectric constant substrates, but at the cost of lower gain and bandwidth. The two axes are coupled either by chamfered patch corners or by offset tuning plus diagonal feed pin positions (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Patch RHCP configurations: left, corner chamfer; right, diagonal feed. An alternate form of patch antenna has independent feeds for each axis. The feeds are combined in a network that fully isolates the two feeds. Dual-feed antennas can provide nearly ideal characteristics but are inherently more expensive to build. See Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Dual-feed patch (left) and feed combiner (right). Basic Performance Parameters The factors that have a direct bearing on patch performance are: Gain and radiation pattern; Available signal-to-noise as a function of receiver gain and low-noise amplifier (LNA) noise figure; Bandwidth, measured as: radiated power gain bandwidth; impedance bandwidth; or axial ratio bandwidth. Gain and Radiation Pattern. Patch antennas are specified and usually used with an external ground plane, typically 70 or 100 millimeters (mm) square. Without an external ground plane a reasonable approximation of the radiation pattern is a circle tangential to the patch ground plane with a peak gain of about 3 dBic (dBic includes all power in a circular wave). The addition of an external ground plane increases the peak gain at zenith by up to 2 dB. The pattern shown in Figure 4 is typical for a 25 mm patch on a 100 mm ground plane. The gain peaks just under 5 dBic, dropping to about 0 dB at an elevation angle of ±60 degrees (the horizon is 90 degrees). FIGURE 4. Radiation pattern for 25 mm patch on 100 mm ground plane. Table 1 tabulates approximate gain values at zenith for a range of GPS L1 patch sizes, mounted on a 100-mm ground plane, at resonance, radiated with a RHCP signals (that is, dBic). TABLE 1. Patch size versus gain at zenith. Clearly, gain is significantly lower for patches smaller than 25 mm square. Not illustrated here is that the bandwidths of antennas smaller than 25 mm also become too narrow for consideration for anything other than single-frequency signals such as GPS L1. Achievable C/N0. The carrier signal-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) is a fundamental measure of signal quality and hence antenna performance. For a given receiver, if the C/N0 is degraded due to any cause, be it a poorly tuned patch or bad LNA noise figure or other, the shortfall in performance is non-recoverable. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the transmitted GPS L1 signal from the space vehicles is approximately 27 dBW. If D is the range to the satellite, and λ is the carrier wavelength, the free space path loss, PL, is given by PL = [ λ / (4 × π × D)]2 The signal power received at the antenna terminals, Pr, is given by: Pr = EIRP × Gr × PL where Gr is the receive antenna gain. The noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, N0, referred back to the antenna terminals is given by: N0 = 10log(Te × k), where Te is the overall system noise temperature, and k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus C/N0, the ratio of received carrier power to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth, referred to the antenna is C/N0 = Pr / N0 Quantifying this calculation: For λ = 0.19 meters (corresponding to the L1 frequency), and an orbit height of 21,000 kilometers, the path loss, PL = –182.8 dBW. The received signal power, Pr = EIRP(dBW) + Gr(dB)+ PL(dB) (in dBW) Assuming the mid-elevation antenna gain, Gr, is 3 dBic, Pr = –152.8 dBW. For a cascaded system such as a GPS receiver, the overall noise temperature is given by: Te = Ts + Tlna + Tgps/Glna where Te is the overall receiver system noise temperature, Ts is an estimate of sky-noise temperature at 1575.42 MHz, assumed to be 80 K, Tlna is the LNA noise temperature (76 K for an LNA noise figure of 1 dB), Glna is the LNA gain (631 for 28 dB gain), and Tgps is the noise temperature of the GPS receiver (636 K for 5 dB receiver noise figure). Thus, Te = 157.1 K and N0 = –206.6 dBW. The available ratio of received carrier power to 1 Hz noise, C/N0, referenced to the antenna is: C/N0 = Pr/(Te × k) – (implementation loss) where implementation loss is an estimate of the decode implementation loss in the GPS receiver, assumed to be 2 dB (something of a fiddle factor, but reasonable!) Thus, C/N0 = –152.8 – (–206.6) – 2 dB = 51.8 dB. For satellites that subtend a high elevation angle, the reported C/N0 could be 2 dB higher or 53.8 dB best case. A good circular antenna should provide C/N0 values in the range 51 dB–53 dB. This can be checked using the (NMEA) $GPGSV message output from most GNSS receivers. Comparative measurement of C/N0 provides the basis for comparative antenna evaluation as described later. Single-Feed Bandwidth. Bandwidth of single-feed patches can be defined in several quite different ways. Radiated power gain bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the amplitude at the terminals of the receiving antenna is not more than X dB below the peak amplitude, with an incident CP field. Axial ratio bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the ratio of the maximum to minimum output signal powers for any two orthogonal axes is less than Y dB. This is an indicator of how well the antenna will reject cross-polarized signals. Return loss (RL) or impedance bandwidth: that over which the feed input return loss is less than Z dB. This is very easy to measure, and gives the most optimistic bandwidth value. The input impedance of a single-feed patch is shown in Figure 5. The rotated W-shape of the single-feed patch impedance is a result of the coupling between the two axes of the patch. The 10 dB return loss, called S11, is shown as a circle, outside of which |S11| > –10 dB. These measures of bandwidth are shown for 25 × 25 × 4 mm and two thicknesses of 36 mm2 antennas in Table 2. FIGURE 5. S11 for a 25 mm single-feed patch. TABLE 2. The various measures of patch bandwidth. These different measures yield large differences in bandwidth. The merits of each depends on what is important to the user. From a purist viewpoint, the most intuitively useful measure of bandwidth is the 0.5 dB radiated gain value. Even then, at the band edges so defined, the axial ratio for a 25 mm2 × 4 mm patch is degraded to about 5 dB, just on the negative side of ok. As shown in Table 2, the 10 dB return loss bandwidth is comparatively wide. Figure 6 shows the EФ and Eϴ fields for a 36-mm patch a) at resonance and, b) and c), at the upper and lower –10 dB RL frequencies. At resonance the fields are equal, and the radiation is circular (add 3 dB for the CP gain). At the two 10 dB RL offset frequencies, the axial ratio is about 9 dB, with the dominant axis swapped at the band edges.  (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 6. (a) Realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed at resonance, Fc.  (b) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ , single-feed, Fc+F–10 dB. (c) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed, Fc-F+10dB. As a transmitter, a 10 dB return loss would correspond to 90 percent of the energy transmitted, in this case, mostly on a single axis. By reciprocity, as a receiver, the single axis gain of the patch at the 10 dB RL frequency is higher (by about 2 dB ) than at resonance. So, if a linear response can be tolerated, the 10 dB bandwidth is a useful measure, albeit for a very non-ideal response. Because the two axes are only balanced at resonance, single-feed patches are only truly circular at resonance. An ideal CP antenna has an equal response to a linearly polarized signal, for any rotational angle of incidence. Figure 7 shows the response of a CP antenna to a LP signal for any rotation, which is 3 dB down relative to the response to a co-polarized CP wave. Figure 7. Perfect CP response to linearly polarized waveform. In contrast, Figure 8 shows the responses of a single-feed patch (25 mm2 × 4 mm) as a function of field rotation with a linearlarly polarized wave. Note that, at resonance, all of the responses have the same amplitude because the patch is circular at that frequency. Figure 8. 25-millimeter single-feed patch response to linear polarization rotation. The responses shown above are for the following conditions: A)  single axis excitation (axis A) B)  single axis excitation (axis B) C)  equal axis excitation, antipodal D)  equal axis excitation, in-phase. The relevance of this is that a circular polarized wave can become elliptical as a result of multipath interference. Figure 8 shows that the antenna response can be highly variable as a function of the angle of the ellipse principal axis. This is another way of looking at impaired cross-polarization rejection. In addition, poor axial ratio results in non-equal contributions from each of EФ and Eϴ as the E vector of a linearly polarized wave is rotated. Thus an antenna with a poor axial ratio has a non-linear phase response, unlike a truly CP antenna which has an output phase that rotates proportionally with the E vector rotation. 25 mm2 patches for GPS/GLONASS applications are tuned to the mid frequency of 1590 MHz. Because the RHCP response is narrow, so is the cross polarization rejection, which is also centered at 1590 MHz, Figure 9 shows the simulated response of a single-feed 25 mm patch to co-polarized and cross polarized fields. Figure 9. Co-polarized and cross polarized response, single-feed patch. The cross-polarization rejection is degraded at both GPS and GLONASS  frequencies, so that much of the ability of the antenna to reject reflected signals is lost. Against these criteria, a 25 × 25 × 4 mm single-feed patch element can provide good CP performance over about 16 MHz. Of course, initial tuning tolerance must be subtracted from this. However, even within the 0.5 dB radiated gain bandwidth the axial ratio rapidly becomes degraded to about 5 dB, and at larger offsets, the patch response becomes virtually linearly polarized, with poor cross-polarization rejection and phase response. However, as a redeeming feature, the single-feed patch has a wideband frequency response albeit linearly polarized at the GPS and GLONASS frequencies (the band edges). Dual-Feed Patches By comparison, dual-feed patches can provide almost ideal characteristics over the bandwidth of the patch element. Figure 3 shows a typical physical configuration and a schematic representation for the feed combining network. This ensures that the two axis feeds are fully isolated from each other over all frequencies of interest. The well known 90-degree hybrid coupler provides exactly the required transfer function. The Smith chart in Figure 10 shows the impedance of one of the two feeds (that is, one axis) and the combiner output impedance, this being just a small locus close to 50 ohms. Figure 10. Dual-feed patch, single axis and combiner S11. Contributions from each axis at all frequencies are theoretically identical for a perfect specimen, so that the configuration naturally has an almost ideal axial ratio (0 dB). Gain and Radiation Pattern. At resonance, the mode of operation of the single and dual-feed patches is identical so, unsurprisingly, the gain and radiation pattern are also the same; see Figure 4. Dual-Feed Bandwidth. The 1 dB radiation bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is just less than 1 MHz narrower than if configured as a single feed. Otherwise, the bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is simply the resonant characteristic of the cavities comprised of each axis. The allowable in-band roll-off defines the patch bandwidth, which in any event should not be worse than 1.0 dB, including initial tuning errors. The response for a 36 × 36 × 6 mm patch is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Co-polarization and cross-polarization response, dual-feed patch. Axial Ratio. Because the axial ratio of dual-feed patches is inherently good, the cross-polarization rejection is also good. The simulated cross-polarization response for the dual-feed patch is also shown in Figure 11. In reality, small gain and phase imbalances in the printed circuit board, hybrid coupler, and patch itself will prevent the axial ratio from being perfect and cross-polarization response not quite so ideal. With good manufacturing controls, axial ratio can be held to typically better than 2 dB. The obvious question is, since dual-feed devices have nearly ideal characteristics, why not just make a low cost small dual-feed antenna? There are three issues: The first is that the feed offsets required for a 25 mm2 patch are physically too close for two feed pins. Secondly, a dual-feed structure requires an additional relatively expensive combiner component; thirdly, sometimes, the only way to achieve the necessary bandwidth is through the considerably extended, but linearly polarized bandwidth of the single-feed patch. That said, were it possible, it would be the ideal solution. Comparative Performance The C/N0 value reported in the NMEA $GPGSV message provides a simple method for comparative evaluation of GNSS antennas. The idea is to compare reported C/N0 values for a number of competing antenna types. This requires a reference GPS receiver, a logging computer and the antennas to be evaluated, and these should be arranged so that: The computer is set up to log the NMEA $GPGSV messages output from the receiver ($GLGSV for GLONASS). Each antenna is placed and centered on identical ground planes (100 mm), The antennas-under-test are not closer to each other than 0.5 meters (to ensure no coupling), and Each antenna-under-test has a clear sight of the whole sky, and It is possible to quickly switch the antenna connectors at the receiver. The method is to connect each antenna in sequence for 15 seconds or so, and to log NMEA data during that time. The antenna connector substitution should be slick, so that the receiver quickly re-acquires, and to validate the assumption of a quasi-stationary constellation. Each NMEA $GPGSV message reports C/N0, at the antenna, for up to 4 satellites in view. The best reported average C/N0 value for specific satellites 49 dB and above are the values of interest. The winner is the highest reported C/N0 value for each constellation. This sequence should be repeated a few times to get the best estimate. The important parameter is the difference between the reported C/N0 and the receiver acquisition C/N0 threshold. If the acquisition C/N0 threshold is –30 dB, an antenna that yields –49 dB C/N0 has a 19 dB margin, while an antenna that yields 52 dB has a 22 dB margin — a big difference. Immunity to LightSquared Much has been written regarding the threat of the prospective terrestrial segment that the LightSquared L-band communication system poses for GPS (and GNSS in general), which mostly is true. On the other hand, front-end protection for GNSS antennas is a relatively simple, inexpensive addition. The performance cost (in addition to a very small dollar cost increment) is an unavoidable but relatively small sensitivity hit. Note that L-band augmentation systems, other than WAAS and compatible systems, face a more difficult problem. This is not just a LightSquared issue. In several corners of the world, transmission of high-level signals are permitted that have the potential to interfere with GPS either by source distortion or inter-modulation within the GPS antenna front end itself. The primary hazard is saturation of the first stage of what is usually a two stage LNA. So, the only way to protect against this is a pre-filter, as shown in Figure 12. FIGURE 12. Pre-filtered antenna architecture. There is a trade-off between the slope and corner frequency of the pre-filter out-of-band rejection and its associated insertion loss. The table below shows the response with a wider filter with an insertion loss of 1 dB, the second a more aggressive filter with a 2.5 dB insertion loss (IL). Table 3 shows overall noise figure including and excluding sky noise. Sky-noise temperature is used here as a catchall that includes true sky-noise, thermal noise (the antenna can partially see the local environment), plus similar factors. The value used is arguable, but experience indicates this is a reasonable number. The existence of sky noise limits the lowest available noise figure and sets the effect of a pre-filter in the correct context. In any event addition of a quite adequate pre-filter against a 1536 MHz signal can be achieved with less than 1 dB impact on received C/N0. TABLE 3. Rejection and noise figure for pre-filtered antenna. Putting It All Together Small (25 mm2 × 4 mm) single-feed patches are only truly circularly polarized at resonance but do have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth of about 16 MHz, and almost perfect for GPS L1. The pre-dominance of this format for GPS L1 is fully justified. However, when used to receive wider bandwidth signals such as GPS/GLONASS, single-feed patch antennas suffer from a litany of minor flaws, most particularly poor axial ratio and poor cross-polarization rejection. On the other hand, the coupling that happens in single-feed antennas results in a very wide 10 dB return loss bandwidth but at the band edges (where the GNSS signals are) they are virtually linearly polarized. There is no doubt that the performance of small single-feed patches for bandwidths such as those required for GPS/GLONASS coverage is marginal. However, to no small extent, the sensitivity of modern receiver chips is so good that marginal antenna performance can often be accommodated, at least from a basic operational viewpoint. The receiver bails out the antenna. However, the end result must be degraded GNSS reception. If the application cannot tolerate reduced GNSS availability or accuracy because of marginal antenna performance the choice should be a dual-feed patch type. This will present the GNSS receiver with more consistent signals levels and phase responses and less interference. The end result should be faster acquisition, and realization of the improvement in horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) that GPS/GLONASS offers. The reported values of C/N0 in the $GPGCV NMEA message provides a simple and sensitive means to comparatively evaluate antenna performance. A not insignificant consideration is that the antenna is usually a very visible part of a bigger system, and unavoidably represents the quality of the user equipment. In that case, the antenna housing robustness and appearance may also be a criterion to maintain the image of the end product. The final point is that introduction of pre-filters into active GNSS is a good idea, whose time has come. This provides protection against the well known bug-a-boo, but also protects against known interference in other parts of the world. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Inpaq Technologies (Suzhou) Ltd., for provision of patch samples and technical support; Rony Amaya, adjunct research professor, Carleton University, Ottawa, for discussions and assistance in preparing this article; and STMicroeletronics for permission to cite the GPS+GLONASS demonstration video. Gyles Panther is president and CTO of Tallysman Wireless (www.tallysman.com) and has an honors degree in applied physics from City University, London. He has worked in the fields of RF and satellite communications for more than 20 years. As CTO of a precursor company he was the principal engineer for the development of a wide-area Canadian differential GPS corrections system (CDGPS) receiver. Tallysman is a new start-up specializing in high-performance GNSS antennas and systems.

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Cte 4c24040a charger ac adapter 24vdc 4a 96w used 3pin xlr power,delta adp-50sb ac adapter 19v 2.64a notebook powersupply.chicony a10-018n3a ac adapter 36vdc 0.5a used 4.3 x 6 x 15.2 mm,targus apa30us ac adapter 19.5vdc 90w max used universal,universal power supply ctcus-5.3-0.4 ac adapter 5.3vdc 400ma use,discover our range of iot modules,panasonic eb-ca10 ac adapter 7vdc 600ma used 1.5 x 3.4 x 9 mm st,gateway lishin 0220a1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a laptop power sup,digipower tc-3000 1 hour universal battery charger,tatung tps-048 ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac ite,digital h7827-aa ac adapter 5.1vdc 1.5a 12.1vdc 0.88a used 7pin,lei mu12-2075150-a1 ac adapter 7.5v 1.5a power supply.samsung sac-42 ac adapter 4.2vdc 450ma 750ma european version po,ibm sa60-12v ac adapter 12v dc 3.75a used -(+)2.5x5.5x11.9 strai,delta adp-50gh rev.b ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 2 x 5.5 x 9.5mm.linksys mt10-1050200-a1 ac adapter 5v 2a switching power supply.sony ac-fd008 ac adapter 18v 6.11a 4 pin female conector,i adaptor ac adapter 24vdc 1.9a 2 century cia2/g3 i.t.e power su.there are many types of interference signal frequencies,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,phihong psa31u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a -(+) 2x5.5mm used barre,deer computer ad1607c ac adapter 6-7.5v 2.15-1.7a power supply,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.

2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.kensington m01062 ac adapter 50w 12vdc 3a 19v 2.5a 5v 0.5a used,black & decker 371415-11 ac adapter 13vdc 260ma used -(+) 2x5.5m.bestec bpa-301-12 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used 3 pin 9mm mini din.viasat 1077422 ac adapter +55vdc 1.47a used -(+) 2.1x5.5x10mm ro.hon-kwang hk-c110-a05 ac adapter 5v 0.25a i.t.e supply,commodore dc-420 ac adapter 4.5vdc 200ma used -(+) phone jack po.2016 3 - 5 28 nov 2016 - minutes business arising from the minutes,an indoor antenna broadcasts the strengthened signal so that your phone can receive it.tpv adpc12416ab ac adapter 12v 4.16a acer notebook power supply.sam-1800 ac adapter 4.5-9.5vdc 1000ma used 100-240v 200ma 47-63h.audiovox cnr405 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used -(+) 1.5x5.5mm round,finecom ac adpter 9vdc 4a 100-240vac new,nec may-bh0006 b001 ac adapter 5.3vdc 0.6a usede190561 100-240.johnlite 1947 ac adapter 7vdc 250ma 2x5.5mm -(+) used 120vac fla,lite-on pa-1700-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used 2x5.5mm 90 degr,quectel quectel wireless solutions has launched the em20,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.such as propaganda broadcasts.technology private limited - offering jammer free device,nokia acp-7u standard compact charger cell phones adapter 8260,,sanyo js-12050-2c ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 4pin din class 2 powe,philips hs8000 series coolskin charging stand with adapter,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.

Qc pass b-03 car adapter charger 1x3.5mm new seal pack.ps5185a ac adapter 5v 550ma switching power supply for cellphone,audiovox cnr505 ac adapter 7vdc 700ma used 1 x 2.4 x 9.5mm,acbel api3ad14 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used female 4pin din 44v086.about radar busters this site is family owned and founded by ".”smart jammer for mobile phone systems” mobile &.compaq 2812 series ac adapter 18.5v 2.5a 35w presario laptop pow,phihong psac10r-050 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240,yd-35-090020 ac adapter 7.5vdc 350ma - ---c--- + used 2.1 x 5.5,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.jvc vu-v71u pc junction box 7.5vdc used power supply asip6h033,department of computer scienceabstract.ultra energy 1018w12u2 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 3x5.5mm r,providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements,suppliers and exporters in agra,replacement 65w-ap04 ac adapter 24vdc 2.65a used - ---c--- +.du060030d ac adapter 6vdc 300ma -(+) 1x2.3mm used 120vac class 2,finecom pa-1121 ac adapter 19vdc 6.32a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 120w power,people might use a jammer as a safeguard against sensitive information leaking.4.6v 1a ac adapter used car charger for nintendo 3ds 12v,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,computer rooms or any other government and military office,sony on-001ac ac adapter 8.4vdc 400ma used power supply charger,h.r.s global ad16v ac adapter 16vac 500ma used90 degree right.

“use of jammer and disabler devices for blocking pcs.358 358 ac adapter 4.5v-9.5vdc 800ma used 1x3.5x8.4mm straight,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.yuan wj-y351200100d ac adapter 12vdc 100ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac s,dv-6520 ac adapter 6.5vdc 200ma 6w used 2.5x11.1mm trs connector,samsung apn-1105abww ac adapter 5vdc 2.2a used -(+) 1x4x8mm roun.hr-091206 ac adapter 12vdc 6a -(+) used 2.4 x 5.4 x 12mm straigh,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked.gold peak automobile adapter 15vdc 4a used 2.5x5.5mm 11001100331,seven star ss 214 step-up reverse converter used deluxe 50 watts,basically it is an electronic countermeasure device.databyte dv-9300s ac adapter 9vdc 300ma class 2 transformer pow,dpd-120500b ac adapter 12vdc 500ma power supply.a cell phone jammer - top of the range,dell adp-13cb ac adapter 5.4vdc 2410ma -(+)- 1.7x4mm 100-240vac.ad-90195d replacement ac adapter 19.5v dc 4.62a power supply,sunfone acu034a-0512 ac adapter 12vc 5v 2a used 3 pin mini din a.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),sl power ba5011000103r charger 57.6vdc 1a 2pin 120vac fits cub,sony ericsson 316ams43001 ac adapter 5v dc 400ma -(+)- 0.5x2.5mm.compaq pa-1530-02cv ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a used 1.7x5mm round b.finecome tr70a15 ac adapter 15vdc 4.6a 6pins like new 122-000033.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,pentax d-bc88 ac adapter 4.2vdc 550ma used -(+)- power supply.

Toshiba pa2484u ac adapter 15vdc 2.7a ite power supply,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,creative tesa2g-1501700d ac dc adapter 14v 1.7a power supply,a mobile jammer is an instrument used to protect the cell phones from the receiving signal.dell eadp-90ab ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a used 4pin din power supply,gestion fps4024 ac adapter 24vdc 10va used 120v ac 60hz 51w,lien chang lca01f ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a spslcd monitor power,ault ite sc200 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 12v 1a 5pin din 13.5mm medical,simran sm-50d ac adapter 220v 240v new up-down converter fuse pr,dell da130pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.7a notebook charger power,backpack bantam aua-05-1600 ac adapter 5v 1600ma used 1.5 x 4 x,oem ads0248-w 120200 ac adapter 12v dc 2a used -(+)- 2.1x5.5mm,ibm 35g4796 thinkpad ac dc adapter 20v dc 700 series laptop pow.it can not only cut off all 5g 3g 4g mobile phone signals.delta adp-50hh ac adapter 19vdc 2.64a used -(+)- 3x5.5mm power s,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.p-056a rfu adapter power supply for use with playstation brick d,safety1st ha28uf-0902cec ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used +(-) 1x3.5x9.akii technology a10d2-09mp ac adapter +9vdc 1a 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.3mm,acbel wa9008 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+)- 1.1x3.5mm used 7.5w roun,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.

Moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,channel master 8014ifd ac adapter dc 24v 600ma class 2 power,overload protection of transformer.benq acml-52 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a 12vdc 1.9a used 3pin female du,eps f10903-0 ac adapter 12vdc 6.6a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 100-240v.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,aopen a10p1-05mp ac adapter 22v 745ma i.t.e power supply for gps,toshiba adp-60fb 19vdc 3.42a gateway laptop power supply,dell pa-1131-02d ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.7aa 918y9 used -(+) 2.5x5..#1 jammer (best overall) escort zr5 laser shifter.hp c8890-61605 ac adapter 6vdc 2a power supply photosmart 210.cell phone jammer is an electronic device that blocks transmission of signals …,sony ac-l 200d ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.5a 4x6mm used for digital cam,spirent communications has entered into a strategic partnership with nottingham scientific limited (nsl) to enable the detection.psp electronic sam-pspeaa(n) ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x,hoioto ads-45np-12-1 12036g ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5x,hp hstnn-la01-e ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.9a 135w used -(+) 0.6x5x7.5,sony vgp-ac10v2 ac adapter 10.5vdc 1.9a genuine for vaio mini pc.atlinks usa 5-2629 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma power supply class 2 tr.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.dell aa22850 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34a used straight round barrel.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,canon ca-100 charger 6vdc 2a 8.5v 1.2a used power supply ac adap.

As will be shown at the end of this report,toy transformer lg090100c ac adapter 9dc 1000ma used -(+) 2x5x10,hitachi pc-ap4800 ac adapter 19vdc 2.37a used -(+)- 1.9 x 2.7 x,panasonic cf-aa1653a ac adapter 15.6vdc 5a ite power supply cf-1,sony ac-l25a ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply 02-3273-2000,auto charger 12vdc to 5v 0.5a car cigarette lighter mini usb pow,to duplicate a key with immobilizer,liteon pa-1151-08 ac adapter 19v 7.9a used 3.3 x 5.5 x 12.9mm,lenovo 92p1156 ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a 65w ibm used 0.7x5.5x8mm p,hp ppp017h ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 120w used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm stra,finecom pa-1300-04 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a laptop's power sup.delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a new power supply printer.nalin nld200120t1 ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm round ba,globetek ad-850-06 ac adapter 12vdc 5a 50w power supply medical,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise..

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