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Testing the Feasibility of Positioning Using Ambient Light By Jingbin Liu, Ruizhi Chen, Yuwei Chen, Jian Tang, and Juha Hyyppä INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley AND THEN THERE WAS LIGHT. Well, the whole electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, actually. Visible light occupies only a small portion of the spectrum, which extends from below the extremely low frequency (ELF) 3 to 30 hertz band with equivalent wavelengths of 100,000 to 10,000 kilometers through infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light and x-rays to gamma rays in the 30 to 300 exahertz band (an exahertz is 1018 hertz) with wavelengths of 10 to 1 picometers and beyond. The radio part of the spectrum extends to frequencies of about 300 gigahertz or so, but the distinction between millimeter radio waves and long infrared light waves is a little blurry. Natural processes can generate electromagnetic radiation in virtually every part of the spectrum. For example, lightning produces ELF radio waves, and the black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy produces gamma rays. And various mechanical processes can be used to generate and detect EM radiation for different purposes from ELF waves for communication tests with submerged submarines to gamma rays for diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine. Various parts of the EM spectrum have been used for navigation systems over the years. For example, the Omega system used eight powerful terrestrial beacons transmitting signals in the range of 10 to 14 kilohertz permitting global navigation on land, in the air, and at sea. At the other end of the spectrum, researchers have explored the feasibility of determining spacecraft time and position using x-rays generated by pulsars — rapidly rotating neutron stars that generate pulses of EM radiation. But the oldest navigation aids, lighthouses, used the visible part of the EM spectrum. The first lighthouses were likely constructed by the ancient Greeks sometime before the third century B.C. The famous Pharos of Alexandria dates from that era. And before the construction of lighthouses, mariners used fires built on hilltops to help them navigate. The Greeks also navigated using the light from stars, or celestial navigation.  Records go back to Homer’s Odyssey where we read “Calypso, the lovely goddess had told him to keep that constellation [the Great Bear] to port as he crossed the waters.” By around 1500 A.D., the astrolabe and the cross-staff had been developed sufficiently that they could be used to measure the altitudes of the sun or stars to determine latitude at sea. Celestial navigation was further advanced with the introduction of the quadrant and then the sextant. And determining longitude was possible by observing the moons of Jupiter (but not easily done at sea), measuring distances between the moon and other celestial bodies and, once it was developed, using a chronometer to time altitude observations. How else is light used for positioning and navigation? Early in the space age, satellites were launched with flashing beacons or with large surface areas to reflect sunlight so that they could be photographed from the ground against background stars with known positions to determine the location of the camera. We also have laser ranging to satellites and the moon and the related terrestrial LiDAR technology, as well as the total stations used by surveyors. And in this month’s column, we take a look at the simple, innovative method of light fingerprinting: the use of observations of the artificial light emitted by unmodified light fixtures as well as the natural light that passes through windows and doorways in a technique for position determination inside buildings. “Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology and its applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas. Over the years, various localization technologies have been used to determine locations of people and devices in an absolute or relative sense. Relative positioning methods determine a location relative to another one in a local coordinate framework, while absolute positioning techniques fix an absolute location in a specific coordinate framework. In the past, people observed the positions (orientation angles) of a celestial body (such as the sun, the moon, or a star) to determine their locations on the Earth, which is known as celestial navigation (see FIGURE 1). The locations are resolved by relating a measured angle between the celestial body and the visible horizon to the Nautical Almanac, which is a knowledge base containing the coordinates of navigational celestial bodies and other relevant data. Other than an observation device, celestial navigation does not rely on any infrastructure, and hence it can be used virtually anywhere on the globe at anytime, weather permitting. Nowadays, an increasing number of applications, location-based services, and ambient intelligence largely require positioning functions across various environments due to increasing mobility of people and devices. In particular, the development of robotics for a number of purposes requires the support of localization capability in various conditions where positioning infrastructure may be missing. Various positioning technologies share an intrinsic characteristic that a positioning solution is resolved by using the dependency between spatial locations and a set of physical observables. The dependency may be expressed in the form of either a deterministic function model or a probabilistic model. A deterministic model expresses the dependency between locations and observables in a closed-form function, while a probabilistic model defines the dependency between locations and observables in the Bayesian sense. Depending on the form of dependency, different mathematical models have been used for position resolution.   For example, satellite-based GNSS positioning derives the location of a user’s receiver based on radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted by the satellite systems. GNSS positioning is grounded in accurate time determination: the time differences between the transmitted and the received radio signals denote signal travel times (observables), which are then converted into distance measurements between the satellite and the user antenna. Using the distance measurements between the user antenna and four different satellites, the receiver can obtain three-dimensional receiver coordinates in a global reference frame and the time difference between the receiver and satellite clocks. The dependency between user location and a set of distance observables can be expressed in a simplified equation: (1) where ρi is an observed range between the ith satellite and the receiver, (x,y,z)i is the position of the ith satellite, (x,y,z) is the position of the receiver to be estimated, γ denotes errors in the range observable, δt and c are receiver clock error and the speed of  light, respectively (the sign of the clock term is arbitrary, but must be used consistently). It is obvious that GNSS positioning relies strongly on the visibility of the GNSS constellation — the space infrastructure — as it requires line-of-sight visibility of four or more satellites. The positioning capability is degraded or totally unavailable in signal-blocked environments, such as indoors and in urban canyons.  An example of Bayesian positioning is to use various signals of opportunity (SOOP) — signals not originally intended for positioning and navigation. They include RF signals, such as those of cellular telephone networks, digital television, frequency modulation broadcasting, wireless local area networks, and Bluetooth, as well as naturally occurring signals such as the Earth’s magnetic field and the polarized light from the sun. Indicators of these signals, such as signal strengths and signal quality, are dependent on locations in the Bayesian sense. The dependency between signal indicators and locations is expressed in a probabilistic model:   (2) where  signifies a dependency between a set of physical signals and locations, I denotes indicators of SOOP signals, L denotes location, and P(i|l) is the probability that signal indicators (i) are observed at location (l). Positioning resolution involves finding a location that yields the maximum a posteriori probability given a specific set of observables. Bayes’ Rule for computing conditional probabilities is applicable in the positioning estimation, and a family of Bayesian inference methods has been developed (see Further Reading).  An inertial navigation system (INS) is a typical relative positioning technology, and it provides the estimation of moved distance, direction, and/or direction change. A commonly used INS consists of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and a compass. It is self-contained and needs no infrastructure in principle to operate. However, the sensors yield accumulated positioning errors, and they need extra information for calibration. For example, in a GNSS/INS combined system, the INS needs to be calibrated using GNSS positioning results. To achieve an enhanced positioning performance in terms of availability, accuracy, and reliability, different positioning technologies are commonly integrated to overcome the limitations of individual technologies in applicability and performance. This article discusses the feasibility of ambient light (ambilight) positioning, and we believe it is the first time that ambilight has been proposed as a positioning signal source. We propose the use of two types of observables of ambient light, and correspondingly two different positioning principles are applied in the positioning resolution. Our solution does not require any modifications to commonly used sources of illumination, and it is therefore different from other indoor lighting positioning systems that have been proposed, which use a modulated lighting source. Ambilight positioning does not require extra infrastructure because illumination infrastructure, including lamps and their power supply and windows, are always necessary for our normal functioning within spaces. Ambilight exists anywhere (indoor and outdoor), anytime, if we consider darkness as a special status of ambient light. Ambilight sensors have been sufficiently miniaturized and are commonly used. For example, an ambilight sensor is used in a modern smartphone to detect the light brightness of the environment and to adaptively adjust the backlight, which improves the user vision experience and conserves power. Additionally, ambilight sensors are also widely used in automotive systems to detect the light intensity of environments for safety reasons. Therefore, ambilight positioning can use existing sensors in mobile platforms. This article presents the possibilities and methods of ambilight positioning to resolve both absolute and relative positioning solutions, and which can be integrated as a component in a hybrid positioning system.  Absolute Positioning Using Ambilight Spectral Measurements  The essence of localization problems is to resolve the intrinsic dependency of location on a set of physical observables. Therefore, a straightforward idea is that the type of observables applicable to positioning can be determined once the location-observables dependency is established. The feasibility is validated when the location-observables dependency is confirmed in the sense of necessary and sufficient conditions. Ambient light is a synthesis of artificial light sources and natural light. The light spectrum is defined by the distribution of lighting intensity over a particular wavelength range. Researchers have reported development of sensor technology that has a spectral response from 300 to 1450 nanometers (from ultraviolet through infrared light). The spectrum of ambient light is mainly determined by colors of reflective surfaces in the circumstance, in addition to that of artificial and natural light sources. Therefore, intensity spectrum measurements are strongly correlated with surrounding environments of different locations. The traditional fingerprinting method can be used to resolve the positioning solution.  The fingerprinting approach makes use of the physical dependency between observables and geo-locations to infer positions where signals are observed. This approach requires the knowledge of observable-location dependency, which comprises a knowledge database. The fingerprinting approach resolves the most likely position estimate by correlating observed SOOP measurements with the knowledge database. The related fingerprinting algorithms include K-nearest neighbors, maximum likelihood estimation, probabilistic inference, and pattern-recognition techniques. These algorithms commonly consider moving positions as a series of isolated points, and they are therefore related to the single-point positioning approach. In addition, a “hidden Markov” model method has been developed to fuse SOOP measurements and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors-derived motion-dynamics information to improve positioning accuracy and robustness. In the case of ambilight positioning, prior knowledge is related to structure layout information, including the layout of a specific space, spatial distribution of lighting sources (lamps), types of lighting sources, and windows and doors where natural light can come through. Spatial distribution of lighting sources is normally set up together with power supplies when the structure is constructed, and their layout and locations are not usually changed thereafter. For example, illumination lamps are usually installed on a ceiling or a wall in fixed positions, and the locations of doors and windows, through which light comes, are also typically fixed throughout the life of a building. Therefore, the knowledge database of lighting conditions can be built up and maintained easily through the whole life cycle of a structure. In practice, a specific working region is divided into discrete grids, and intensity spectrum measurements are collected at grid points to construct a knowledge database. The grid size is determined based on the required spatial resolution and spatial correlation of spectrum measurements. The spatial correlation defines the degree of cross-correlation of two sets of spectrum measurements observed at two separated locations. We measured the spectrum of ambient light with a two-meter grid size in our library. The measurements were conducted using a handheld spectrometer. FIGURE 2 shows a set of samples of ambilight spectrum measurements, and the corresponding photos show the circumstances under which each spectrum plot was collected. These spectral measurements show strong geo-location dependency. Spectrum differences of different locations are sufficiently identifiable. TABLE 1 shows the cross-correlation coefficients of spectral measurements of different locations. The auto-correlation coefficients of spectral measurements of a specific location are very close to the theoretical peak value of unity, and the cross-correlation coefficients of spectra at different locations are significantly low. Therefore, the correlation coefficient is an efficient measure to match a spectrum observable with a geo-referred database of ambilight spectra. FIGURE 2. Ambilight spectral measurements of nine locations in the library of the Finnish Geodetic Institute (arbitrary units). The photos below the spectrum plots show the circumstances under which the corresponding spectral measurements were collected. TABLE 1. Correlation coefficient matrix of spectral measurements of different locations. Relative Positioning Using Ambilight Intensity Measurements Total ambilight intensity is an integrated measure of the light spectrum, and it represents the total irradiance of ambient light. In general, a lamp produces a certain amount of light, measured in lumens. This light falls on surfaces with a density that is measured in foot-candles or lux. A person looking at the scene sees different areas of his or her visual field in terms of levels of brightness, or luminance, measured in candelas per square meter. The ambilight intensity can be measured by a light detector resistor (LDR), and it is the output of an onboard 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) on an iRobot platform, which is the platform for a low-cost home-cleaning robot as shown in FIGURE 3. FIGURE 3. The iRobot-based multi-sensor positioning platform, which is equipped with a light sensor and other versatile positioning sensors as marked in the figure. We designed a simple current-to-voltage circuit based on an LDR and a 10-kilohm resistor, and the integrated analog voltage is input into the iRobot’s ADC with a 25-pin D-type socket, which is called the Cargo Bay Connector. FIGURES 4 and 6 show that the LDR sensor was not saturated during the test whenever we turned the corridor lamps on or off. Since the output of the light sensor was not calibrated with any standard light source, the raw ADC output rather than real values of physical light intensity was used in this study. During the test, the iRobot platform ran at a roughly constant speed of 25 centimeters per second, and the response time of the LDR was 50 milliseconds according to the sensor datasheet. The sampling rate of light intensity measurements was 5 Hz. Thus, the ADC could digitalize the input voltage in a timely fashion. FIGURE 4. Total irradiance intensity measurements of ambient light in a closed space. The estimated lamp positions (magenta points) can be compared to the true lamp positions (green points). FIGURE 6. Total irradiance intensity measurements of ambient light in the open corridor of the third floor. We conducted the experiments with the iRobot platform in two corridors in the Finnish Geodetic Institute building. The robot was controlled to move along the corridors, and it collected measurements as it traveled. The two corridors represent two types of environment. The corridor of the first floor is a closed space where there is no natural light, and the corridor of the third floor has both natural light and artificial illuminating light. The illuminating fluorescent lamps are installed in the ceiling. In a specific environment, fluorescent lamps are usually installed at fixed locations, and their locations are not normally changed after installation. Therefore, the knowledge of lamp locations can be used for positioning. Ambilight positioning is relatively simple in the first case where there is no natural light in the environment and all ambilight intensity comes from artificial light. Because the fluorescent lamps are separated by certain distances, the intensity measurements have a sine-like pattern with respect to the horizontal distance along the corridor. The sine-like pattern is a key indicator to be used for detecting the proximity of a lamp. As shown in Figures 4 and 6, raw measurements of ambilight intensity and smoothed intensity have a sine-like pattern. Because raw intensity measurements have low noise, either raw measurements or smoothed intensity can be used to detect the proximity of a lamp. Figure 4 also shows the results of detection and the comparison to the true lamp positions. There are four fluorescent lamps in this corridor test. The first three were detected successfully, and the estimated positions are close to true positions with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 0.23 meters. The fourth lamp could not be detected because its light is blocked by a shelf placed in the corridor just below the lamp as shown in FIGURE 5. Figure 4 shows the sine-like intensity pattern of the fourth lamp did not occur due to the blockage. FIGURE 5. The light of the fourth lamp in the corridor is blocked by shelves, and the corresponding sine-like light pattern does not appear. On the third floor, the situation is more complicated because there is both natural light and incandescent lamps in the corridor. Natural light may come in from windows, which are located at multiple locations on the floor. In addition, the light spectrum in the corridor may be interfered with by light from office rooms around the floor. To recover the sine-like intensity pattern of the lamps, the intensity of the background light was measured when the incandescent lamps were turned off. Therefore, the calibrated intensity measurements of illuminating lamps can be calculated as follows:   (3) where Ia is the intensity measurements of composite ambient light, Ib is the intensity measurements of background light, and Ic is the intensity measurements of the calibrated ambient light of the illuminating lamps. Figure 6 shows the intensity measurements of composite ambient light, background light, and calibrated lamp light. In addition, the intensity measurements of calibrated lamp light are smoothed by an adaptive low-pass filter to mitigate noise and interference. The intensity measurements of smoothed lamp light were used to estimate the positions of the lamps according to the sine-like pattern. The estimated lamp positions were compared to the true lamp positions, and the errors are shown in FIGURE 7. The estimated lamp positions have a mean error of 0.03 meters and an RMS error of 0.79 meters. In addition, for the total of 15 lamps in the corridor, only one lamp failed to be detected (omission error rate = 1/15) and one lamp was detected twice (commission error rate = 1/15).  Discussion and Conclusion Ambilight positioning needs no particular infrastructure, and therefore it does not have the problem of infrastructure availability, which many other positioning technologies have, limiting their applicability. For example, indoor positioning systems using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth could not work in emergency cases when the power supply of these devices is cut off. What ambilight positioning needs is just the knowledge of indoor structure and ambilight observables. The lighting conditions of an indoor structure can be reconstructed based on the knowledge of the layout structure whenever illuminating lamps are on or off. Thus, ambilight observables can be related to the layout structure to resolve positioning estimates as we showed in this article.  Besides indoor environments, the methods we have presented are also applicable in many other GNSS-denied environments, such as underground spaces and long tunnels. For example, the Channel Tunnel between England and France has a length of 50.5 kilometers, and position determination is still needed in this kind of environment. In such environments, there is usually no natural light, and the intensity of illuminating lamps has a clear sine-like pattern. In particular, ambient light positioning is promising for robot applications when a robot is operated for tasks in a dangerous environment where there is no infrastructure for other technical systems such as Wi-Fi networks. Given the knowledge of the lighting infrastructure acquired from the construction layout design, the method of ambilight positioning can be used for robot localization and navigation. Our tests have shown also that the proposed ambilight positioning methods work well with both fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps, as long as the light intensity sensor is not saturated.  A clear advantage of the technique is that the illuminating infrastructure and the structure layout of these environments are kept mostly unchanged during their life cycle, and the lighting knowledge can be constructed from the structure design. Hence, it is easy to acquire and maintain these knowledge bases. The hardware of ambient light sensors is low-cost and miniature in size, and the sensors can be easily integrated with other sensors and systems. Although a spectrometer sensor is not currently able to be equipped with a mobile-phone device, the proposed ambilight positioning techniques can still be implemented with a modern mobile phone in several ways. For example, an economical way would be to form a multispectral camera using a selection of optical filters of selected bands or a miniature adjustable gradual optical filter. The spectral resolution then is defined by the bandwidth of the band-pass optical filters and the optical characteristics of the gradual optical filter. Other sensors, such as an acousto-optic tunable filter spectrometer and a MEMS-based Fabry-Pérot spectrometer, could also be used to measure the spectrum of ambilight in the near future. With such techniques, ambilight spectral measurements can be observed in an automated way and with higher temporal resolution.  Acknowledgments The work described in this article was supported, in part, by the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research (CoE-LaSR), which is designated by the Academy of Finland as project 272195. This article is based on the authors’ paper “The Uses of Ambient Light for Ubiquitous Positioning” presented at PLANS 2014, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers / Institute of Navigation Position, Location and Navigation Symposium held in Monterey, California, May 5–8, 2014. JINGBIN LIU is a senior fellow in the Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI) in Helsinki. He is also a staff member of the Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research of the Academy of Finland. Liu received his bachelor’s (2001), master’s (2004), and doctoral (2008) degrees in geodesy from Wuhan University, China. Liu has investigated positioning and geo-reference science and technology for more than ten years in both industrial and academic organizations.  RUIZHI CHEN holds an endowed chair and is a professor at the Conrad Blucher Institute for Surveying and Science, Texas A&M University in Corpus Christie. He was awarded a Ph.D. degree in geophysics, an M.Sc. degree in computer science, and a B.Sc. degree in surveying engineering. His research results, in the area of 3D smartphone navigation and location-based services, have been published twice as cover stories in GPS World. He was formerly an FGI staff member. YUWEI CHEN is a research manager in the Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry at FGI. His research interests include laser scanning, ubiquitous LiDAR mapping, hyperspectral LiDAR, seamless indoor/outdoor positioning, intelligent location algorithms for fusing multiple/emerging sensors, and satellite navigation. JIAN TANG is an assistant professor at the GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, China, and also a senior research scientist at FGI. He received his Ph.D. degree in remote sensing from Wuhan University in 2008 and focuses his research interests on indoor positioning and mapping. JUHA HYYPPA is a professor and the head of the Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry at FGI and also the director of the Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research. His research is focused on laser scanning systems, their performance, and new applications, especially those related to mobile laser scanning and point-cloud processing. FURTHER READING • Authors’ Conference Paper “The Uses of Ambient Light for Ubiquitous Positioning” by J. Liu, Y. Chen, A. Jaakkola, T. Hakala, J. Hyyppä, L. Chen, R. Chen, J. Tang, and H. Hyyppä in Proceedings of PLANS 2014, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers / Institute of Navigation Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Monterey, California, May 5–8, 2014, pp. 102–108, doi: 10.1109/PLANS.2014. 6851363. • Light Sensor Technology “High-Detectivity Polymer Photodetectors with Spectral Response from 300 nm to 1450 nm” by X. Gong, M. Tong, Y. Xia, W. Cai, J.S. Moon, Y. Cao, G. Yu, C.-L. Shieh, B. Nilsson, and A.J. Heeger in Science, Vol. 325, No. 5948, September 25, 2009, pp. 1665–1667, doi: 10.1126/science.1176706. • Light Measurement “Light Intensity Measurement” by T. Kranjc in Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering (formerly Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers), Vol. 6307, Unconventional Imaging II, 63070Q, September 7, 2006, doi:10.1117/12.681721. • Modulated Light Positioning “Towards a Practical Indoor Lighting Positioning System” by A. Arafa, R. Klukas, J.F. Holzman, and X. Jin in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 2450–2453. • Application of Hidden Markov Model Method “iParking: An Intelligent Indoor Location-Based Smartphone Parking Service” by J. Liu, R. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Pei, and L. Chen in Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 11, 2012, pp. 14612-14629, doi: 10.3390/s121114612. • Application of Bayesian Inference “A Hybrid Smartphone Indoor Positioning Solution for Mobile LBS” by J. Liu, R. Chen, L. Pei, R. Guinness, and H. Kuusniemi in Sensors, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 17208–17233, 2012, doi:10.3390/s121217208. • Ubiquitous Positioning “Getting Closer to Everywhere: Accurately Tracking Smartphones Indoors” by R. Faragher and R. Harle in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 10, October 2013, pp. 43–49. “Hybrid Positioning with Smartphones” by J. Liu in Ubiquitous Positioning and Mobile Location-Based Services in Smart Phones, edited by R. Chen, published by IGI Global, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 2012, pp. 159–194. “Non-GPS Navigation for Security Personnel and First Responders” by L. Ojeda and J. Borenstein in Journal of Navigation, Vol. 60, No. 3, September 2007, pp. 391–407, doi: 10.1017/S0373463307004286.

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Railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,apple adp-60ad b ac adapter 16vdc 3.65a used 5 pin magnetic powe.mastercraft 054-3103-0 dml0529 90 minute battery charger 10.8-18.delta adp-10sb rev.h ac adapter 5vdc 2a 2x5.5mm hp compaq hewlet.hjc hua jung comp. hasu11fb36 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2.3 x 6 x,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,aiphone ps-1820 ac adapter 18v 2.0a video intercom power supply,ilan f1560 (n) ac adapter 12vdc 2.83a -(+) 2x5.5mm 34w i.t.e pow,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.replacement pa-1700-02 ac adapter 20v 4.5a power supply,new bright a519201194 battery charger 7v 150ma 6v nicd rechargab,black & decker vp130 versapack battery charger used interchangea,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,sony on-001ac ac adapter 8.4vdc 400ma used power supply charger,please visit the highlighted article.you can get full command list from us.ningbo taller electrical tl-6 ac adapter 6vdc 0.3a used 2.1x5.4.datalogic sa115b-12u ac adapter 12vdc 1a used +(-) 2x5.5x11.8mm,your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,just mobile 3 socket charger max 6.5a usb 1a 5v new in pack univ.the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,lg lcap07f ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 4.4x6.5mm straight roun,thomson 5-4026a ac adapter 3vdc 600ma used -(+) 1.1x3.5x7mm 90°,spi sp036-rac ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 1.8x4.8mm 90° -(+)- 100-2,brother ad-20 ac adapter 6vdc 1.2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9.8mm round b,recoton mk-135100 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1a battery charger nicd nim.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.apple a1172 ac adapter 18vdc 4.6a 16vdc 3.6a used 5 pin magnetic.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.replacement sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v 3.42a used 1.8x5.4x12mm 9,radioshack 43-428 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma (-)+ used 2x5.4mm 90°.please see our fixed jammers page for fixed location cell,cisco 16000 ac adapter 48vdc 380ma used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.5 x 10.2 m.

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4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,fujitsu seb100p2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm.replacement a1021 ac adapter 24.5v 2.65a apple power supply.normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,toshiba pa2444u ac adapter 15vdc 4a 60w original switching powe.horsodan 7000253 ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a power supply medical equi,radioshack 15-1838 ac adapter dc 12v 100ma wallmount direct plug,nissyo bt-201 voltage auto converter 100v ac 18w my-pet,cp18549 pp014s ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a used -(+)- 1 x5x7.5mm,changzhou jt-24v450 ac adapter 24~450ma 10.8va used class 2 powe,mascot 9940 ac adapter 29.5vdc 1.3a used terminal battery char,flextronics a 1300 charger 5vdc 1a used -(+) 100-240v~50/60hz 0.,25r16091j01 ac adapter 14.5v dc 10.3w class 2 transformer power,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,compaq 2932a ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used 1 x 4 x 9.5mm.5.2vdc 450ma ac adapter used phone connector plug-in,sunny sys1148-2005 +5vdc 4a 65w used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 90° degree,ningbo dayu un-dc070200 ac adapter used 7.2vdc 200ma nicd nimh b.the designed jammer was successful in jamming the three carriers in india.mastercraft 5104-18-2(uc) 23v 600ma power supply,tai 41a-16-250 ac adapter 16v 250ma used 2.5x5.5x13mm 90° round.umec up0451e-12p ac adapter 12vdc 3.75a (: :) 4pin mini din 10mm,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.rayovac ps1 ac adapter 2vdc 200ma used battery cell power charge.2wire gpusw0512000cd0s ac adapter 5.1vdc 2a desktop power supply.hp q3419-60040 ac adapter 32vdc 660ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac used w,3com sc102ta1503b03 ac adapter 15vdc 1.2a power supply.replacement pa3201u-1aca ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a power supply tosh.astec sa25-3109 ac adapter 24vdc 1a 24w used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10mm r,yuan wj-y351200100d ac adapter 12vdc 100ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac s.sony adp-708sr ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply,sony pcga-ac16v6 ac adapter 16vdc 4a -(+) 3x6.5mm power supply f,apple m4551 studio display 24v dc 1.875a 45w used power supply.panasonic re7-05 class 2 shaver adapter 12v 500ma.

Li shin international enterprise 0322b1224 ac adapter 12vdc 2a u,netcom dv-9100 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm straigh,radio shack 23-243 ac dc adapter 12v 0.6a switching power supply,madcatz 8502 car adapter for sony psp.kodak k4000 ac adapter 2.8v 750ma used adp-3sb battery charger.band scan with automatic jamming (max,ac adapter used car charger tm & dc comics s10.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,d-link jta0302b ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° 120vac new.digitalway ys5k12p ac dc adapter 5v 1.2a power supply,universal 70w-a ac adapter 12vdc used 2.4 x 5.4 x 12.6mm detacha.we only describe it as command code here,if you are using our vt600 anti- jamming car gps tracker,changzhou un-d7.2v200 ac dc adapter 7.2vdc 200ma -(+) used 120va,samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power,adp da-30e12 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a new 2.2 x 5.5 x 10 mm straigh,shenzhen sun-1200250b3 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x12m,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.digipower zda120080us ac adapter 12v 800ma switching power suppl,vt600 gps tracker has specified command code for each different sms command.toshiba pa3237u-1aca ac adapter 15v dc 8a used 4pin female ite.polaroid k-a70502000u ac adapter 5vdc 2000ma used (+) 1x3.5x9mm.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,lei iu40-11190-010s ac adapter 19vdc 2.15a 40w used -(+) 1.2x5mm,hitachi hmx45adpt ac adapter 19v dc 45w used 2.2 x 5.4 x 12.3 mm.achme am138b05s15 ac dc adapter 5v 3a power supply.if you understand the above circuit,rohs xagyl pa1024-3hu ac adapter 18vac 1a 18w used -(+) 2x5.5mm.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,neonpro sps-60-12-c 60w 12vdc 5a 60ew ul led power supply hyrite,eng 3a-161wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100vac switch,lei mt12-y090100-a1 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round.tech std-1225 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.3x5.5x9.8mm roun.

Liteon pa-1900-08hn ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w used.southwestern bell freedom phone n35150930-ac ac adapter 9vac 300,artesyn scl25-7624 ac adapter 24vdc 1a 8pin power supply.ksah2400200t1m2 ac adapter 24vdc 2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round ba,liteon pa-1900-34 ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a used 1.7x5.5x11.2mm,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.finecom ah-v420u ac adapter 12v 3.5a power supply,ad35-03006 ac adapter 3vdc 200ma 22w i t e power supply,targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 5.5x8x11mm 90.it deliberately incapacitates mobile phones within range,ps5185a ac adapter 5v 550ma switching power supply for cellphone,ktec ksas7r50900050d5 ac adapter 9vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1.8x5.5x9mm,nokia acp-7u standard compact charger cell phones adapter 8260,.a51813d ac adapter 18vdc 1300ma -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 45w power supply.panasonic de-891aa ac adapter 8vdc 1400ma used -(+)- 1.8 x 4.7 x.emachines lse0202c1890 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a power supply,citizen u2702e pd-300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5mm used 12.toshiba pa2484u ac adapter 15vdc 2.7a ite power supply.bi bi13-120100-adu ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 1x3.5mm round b.nikon coolpix ni-mh battery charger mh-70 1.2vdc 1a x 2 used 100,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.positec machinery sh-dc0240400 ac adapter 24vdc 400ma used -(,rio tesa5a-0501200d-b ac dc adapter 5v 1a usb charger,braun ag 5 547 ac adapter dc 3.4v 0.1a power supply charger.control electrical devices from your android phone,mastercraft acg002 ac adapter 14.4vdc 1.2a used class 2 battery,sn lhj-389 ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 transformer,kingpro kad-0112018d ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a power supply.ultech ut-9092 ac adapter 9vdc 1800ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240v.a centrally located hub with a cable routed to the exterior-mounted antenna with a power supply feed,delta adp-45gb ac adapter 22.5 - 18vdc 2 - 2.5a power supply.this system considers two factors.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.samsung tad037ebe ac adapter used 5vdc 0.7a travel charger power.

P-106 8 cell charging base battery charger 9.6vdc 1.5a 14.4va us.desktop 6 antennas 2g 3g 4g wifi/gps jammer without car charger,aspro c39280-z4-c477 ac adapter 9.5vac 300ma power supply class2,aurora 1442-200 ac adapter 4v 14vdc used power supply 120vac 12w,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,jammerssl is a uk professional jammers store,delta electronics adp-50sh rev. b ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 4-.sceptre power s024em2400100 ac adapter 24vdc 1000ma used -(+) 1.,kings kss15-050-2500 ac adapter 5vdc 2500ma used 0.9x3.4mm strai,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.hios cb-05 cl control box 20-30vdc 4a made in japan,ibm 02k6543 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 02k6553 n.l.t.e. lte50e-s2-1 ac adapter 12v dc 4.17a 50w power supply for.replacement st-c-075-12000600ct ac adapter 12vdc 4.5-6a -(+) 2.5,kensington 33196 notebook ac dc power adapter lightweight slim l,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,crestron gt-21097-5024 ac adapter 24vdc 1.25a new -(+)- 2x5.5mm,ibm 2684292 ac adapter 15v dc 2.7a used 3x5.5x9.3mm straight,oem ads18b-w 120150 ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm strai.jt-h090100 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used 3 x 5.5 x 10 mm straight roun.sin chan sw12-050u ac adapter 5vdc 2a switching power supply wal.black and decker etpca-180021u2 ac adapter 26vdc 210ma class 2.panasonic eb-ca210 ac adapter 5.8vdc 700ma used switching power.hjc hasu11fb ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240vac,tedsyn dsa-60w-20 1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.5a -(+)- 2.x 5.5mm straig.hp hstn-f02x 5v dc 2a battery charger ipaq rz1700 rx,kyocera txtvl10101 ac adapter 5vdc 0.35a used travel charger ite.hengguang hgspchaonsn ac adapter 48vdc 1.8a used cut wire power.fujitsu sec80n2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used -(+)- 3x5.5mm 1,this out-band jamming signals are mainly caused due to nearby wireless transmitters of the other sytems such as gsm,mastercraft maximum 54-3107-2 multi-charger 7.2v-19.2vdc nicd,eng 3a-161wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2x5.5mm used 100vac swi.

Failure to comply with these rules may result in.archer 23-131a ac adapter 8.1vdc 8ma used direct wall mount plug,these devices were originally created to combat threats like cell phone-triggered explosives and hostage situations.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,compaq series 2862a ac adapter 16.5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240,ac adapter pa-1300-02 ac adapter 19v 1.58a 30w used 2.4 x 5.4 x,atc-520 ac dc adapter 14v 600ma travel charger power supply.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,dve eos zvc65sg24s18 ac adapter 24vdc 2.7a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm p,mkd-350900300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+) 1.7x5.5x12mm round.mastercraft 54-2959-0 battery charger 9vdc 1.5a cordless drill p,axis a41208c ac dc adapter 12v 800ma power supply,jobmate battery charger 12v used 54-2778-0 for rechargeable bat,its called denial-of-service attack,effectively disabling mobile phones within the range of the jammer,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,wang wh-501ec ac adapter 12vac 50w 8.3v 30w used 3 pin power sup.nexxtech tca-01 ac adapter 5.3-5.7v dc 350-450ma used special ph.silicore sld80910 ac adapter 9vdc 1000ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 10mm,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.rs18-sp0502500 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+) used 1x3.4x8.4mm straig,tela-41-120400u ac dc adapter 12v 400ma power supply for camera,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,condor a9-1a ac adapter 9vac 1a 2.5x5.5mm ~(~) 1000ma 18w power,dell eadp-90ab ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a used 4pin din power supply,fone gear 01023 ac adapter 5vdc 400ma used 1.1 x 2.5 x 9mm strai.targus 800-0085-001 a universal ac adapter ac70u 15-24vdc 65w 10,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.vertex nc-77c two way radio charger with kw-1207 ac adapter 12v,mastercraft maximum dc14us21-60a battery charger 18.8vdc 2a used.hp pa-1900-15c1 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a 90w used.over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.

Cisco adp-15vb ac adapter 3.3v dc 4550ma -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90° 100-,basler electric be116230aab 0021 ac adapter 5v 30va plug-in clas.matsushita etyhp127mm ac adapter 12vdc 1.65a 4pin switching powe.a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.poweruon 160023 ac adapter 19vdc 12.2a used 5x7.5x9mm round barr,.

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