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Detection and Correction Using Inertial Aiding By Malek O. Karaim, Tashfeen B. Karamat, Aboelmagd Noureldin, Mohamed Tamazin, and Mohamed M. Atia A team of university researchers has developed a technique combining GPS receivers with an inexpensive inertial measuring unit to detect and repair cycle slips with the potential to operate in real time. INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley DRUM ROLL, PLEASE. The “Innovation” column and GPS World are celebrating a birthday. With this issue, we have started the 25th year of publication of the magazine and the column, which appeared in the very first issue and has been a regular feature ever since. Over the years, we have seen many developments in GPS positioning, navigation, and timing with a fair number documented in the pages of this column. In January 1990, GPS and GLONASS receivers were still in their infancy. Or perhaps their toddler years. But significant advances in receiver design had already been made since the introduction around 1980 of the first commercially available GPS receiver, the STI-5010, built by Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. It was a dual-frequency, C/A- and P-code, slow-sequencing receiver. Cycling through four satellites took about five minutes, and the receiver unit alone required about 30 centimeters of rack space. By 1990, a number of manufacturers were offering single or dual frequency receivers for positioning, navigation, and timing applications. Already, the first handheld receiver was on the market, the Magellan NAV 1000. Its single sequencing channel could track four satellites. Receiver development has advanced significantly over the intervening 25 years with high-grade multiple frequency, multiple signal, multiple constellation GNSS receivers available from a number of manufacturers, which can record or stream measurements at data rates up to 100 Hz. Consumer-grade receivers have proliferated thanks, in part, to miniaturization of receiver chips and modules. With virtually every cell phone now equipped with GPS, there are over a billion GPS users worldwide. And the chips keep getting smaller. Complete receivers on a chip with an area of less than one centimeter squared are common place. Will the “GPS dot” be in our near future? The algorithms and methods used to obtain GPS-based positions have evolved over the years, too. By 1990, we already had double-difference carrier-phase processing for precise positioning. But the technique was typically applied in post-processing of collected data. It is still often done that way today. But now, we also have the real-time kinematic (or RTK) technique to achieve similar positioning accuracies in real time and the non-differenced precise point positioning technique, which does not need base stations and which is also being developed for real-time operation. But in all this time, we have always had a “fly in the ointment” when using carrier-phase observations: cycle slips. These are discontinuities in the time series of carrier-phase measurements due to the receiver temporarily losing lock on the carrier of a GPS signal caused by signal blockage, for example. Unless cycle slips are repaired or otherwise dealt with, reduction in positioning accuracy ensues. Scientists and engineers have developed several ways of handling cycle slips not all of which are capable of working in real time. But now, a team of university researchers has developed a technique combining GPS receivers with an inexpensive inertial measuring unit to detect and repair cycle slips with the potential to operate in real time. They describe their system in this month’s column. “Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology and its applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas. GPS carrier-phase measurements can be used to achieve very precise positioning solutions. Carrier-phase measurements are much more precise than pseudorange measurements, but they are ambiguous by an integer number of cycles. When these ambiguities are resolved, sub-centimeter levels of positioning can be achieved. However, in real-time kinematic applications, GPS signals could be lost temporarily because of various disturbing factors such as blockage by trees, buildings, and bridges and by vehicle dynamics. Such signal loss causes a discontinuity of the integer number of cycles in the measured carrier phase, known as a cycle slip. Consequently, the integer counter is reinitialized, meaning that the integer ambiguities become unknown again. In this event, ambiguities need to be resolved once more to resume the precise positioning and navigation process. This is a computation-intensive and time-consuming task. Typically, it takes at least a few minutes to resolve the ambiguities. The ambiguity resolution is even more challenging in real-time navigation due to receiver dynamics and the time-sensitive nature of the required kinematic solution. Therefore, it would save effort and time if we could detect and estimate the size of these cycle slips and correct the measurements accordingly instead of resorting to a new ambiguity resolution. In this article, we will briefly review the cause of cycle slips and present a procedure for detecting and correcting cycle slips using a tightly coupled GPS/inertial system, which could be used in real time. We will also discuss practical tests of the procedure. Cycle Slips and Their Management A cycle slip causes a jump in carrier-phase measurements when the receiver phase tracking loops experience a temporary loss of lock due to signal blockage or some other disturbing factor. On the other hand, pseudoranges remain unaffected. This is graphically depicted in FIGURE 1. When a cycle slip happens, the Doppler (cycle) counter in the receiver restarts, causing a jump in the instantaneous accumulated phase by an integer number of cycles. Thus, the integer counter is reinitialized, meaning that ambiguities are unknown again, producing a sudden change in the carrier-phase observations. FIGURE 1. A cycle slip affecting phase measurements but not the pseudoranges. Once a cycle slip is detected, it can be handled in two ways. One way is to repair the slip. The other way is to reinitialize the unknown ambiguity parameter in the phase measurements. The former technique requires an exact estimation of the size of the slip but could be done instantaneously. The latter solution is more secure, but it is time-consuming and computationally intensive. In our work, we follow the first approach, providing a real-time cycle-slip detection and correction algorithm based on a GPS/inertial integration scheme. GPS/INS Integration An inertial navigation system (INS) can provide a smoother and more continuous navigation solution at higher data rates than a GPS-only system, since it is autonomous and immune to the kinds of interference that can deteriorate GPS positioning quality. However, INS errors grow with time due to the inherent mathematical double integration in the mechanization process. Thus, both GPS and INS systems exhibit mutually complementary characteristics, and their integration provides a more accurate and robust navigation solution than either stand-alone system. GPS/INS integration is often implemented using a filtering technique. A Kalman filter is typically selected for its estimation optimality and time-recursion properties. The two major approaches of GPS/INS integration are loosely coupled and tightly coupled. The former strategy is simpler and easier to implement because the inertial and GPS navigation solutions are generated independently before being weighted together by the Kalman filter. There are two main drawbacks with this approach: 1) signals from at least four satellites are needed for a navigation solution, which cannot always be guaranteed; and 2) the outputs of the GPS Kalman filter are time correlated, which has a negative impact upon the system performance. The latter strategy performs the INS/GPS integration in a single centralized Kalman filter. This architecture eliminates the problem of correlated measurements, which arises due to the cascaded Kalman filtering in the loosely coupled approach. Moreover, the restriction of visibility of at least four satellites is removed. We specifically use a tightly coupled GPS/reduced inertial sensor system approach. Reduced Inertial Sensor System. Recently, microelectromechanical system or MEMS-grade inertial sensors have been introduced for low-cost navigation applications. However, these inexpensive sensors have complex error characteristics. Therefore, current research is directed towards the utilization of fewer numbers of inertial sensors inside the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to obtain the navigation solution. The advantage of this trend is twofold. The first is avoidance of the effect of inertial sensor errors. The second is reduction of the cost of the IMU in general. One such minimization approach, and the one used in our work, is known as the reduced inertial sensor system (RISS). The RISS configuration uses one gyroscope, two accelerometers, and a vehicle wheel-rotation sensor. The gyroscope is used to observe the changes in the vehicle’s orientation in the horizontal plane. The two accelerometers are used to obtain the pitch and roll angles. The wheel-rotation sensor readings provide the vehicle’s speed in the forward direction. FIGURE 2 shows a general view of the RISS configuration. FIGURE 2. A general view of the RISS configuration. A block diagram of the tightly coupled GPS/RISS used in our work is shown in FIGURE 3. At this stage, the system uses GPS pseudoranges together with the RISS observables to compute an integrated navigation solution. In this three-dimensional (3D) version of RISS, the system has a total of nine states. These states are the latitude, longitude, and altitude errors ( ; the east, north, and up velocity errors ; the azimuth error ; the error associated with odometer-driven acceleration ; and the gyroscope error . The nine-state error vector xk at time tk is expressed as: (1) FIGURE 3. Tightly coupled integration of GPS/RISS using differential pseudorange measurements. Cycle Slip Detection and Correction Cycle slip handling usually happens in two discrete steps: detection and fixing or correction. In the first step, using some testing quantity, the location (or time) of the slip is found. During the second step, the size of the slip is determined, which is needed along with its location to fix the cycle slip. Various techniques have been introduced by researchers to address the problem of cycle-slip detection and correction. Different measurements and their combinations are used including carrier phase minus code (using L1 or L2 measurements), carrier phase on L1 minus carrier phase on L2, Doppler (on L1 or L2), and time-differenced phases (using L1 or L2). In GPS/INS integration systems, the INS is used to predict the required variable to test for a cycle slip, which is usually the true receiver-to-satellite range in double-difference (DD) mode, differencing measurements between a reference receiver and the roving receiver and between satellites. In this article, we introduce a tightly coupled GPS/RISS approach for cycle-slip detection and correction, principally for land vehicle navigation using a relative-positioning technique. Principle of the Algorithm. The proposed algorithm compares DD L1 carrier-phase measurements with estimated values derived from the output of the GPS/RISS system. In the case of a cycle slip, the measurements are corrected with the calculated difference. A general overview of the system is given in FIGURE 4. FIGURE 4. The general flow diagram of the proposed algorithm. The number of slipped cycles is given by (2) where is the DD carrier-phase measurement (in cycles) is DD estimated carrier phase value (in cycles). is compared to a pre-defined threshold μ . If the threshold is exceeded, it indicates that there is a cycle slip in the DD carrier-phase measurements. Theoretically, would be an integer but because of the errors in the measured carrier phase as well as errors in the estimations coming from the INS system, will be a real or floating-point number. The estimated carrier-phase term in Equation (2) is obtained as follows: (3) where λ is the wavelength of the signal carrier (in meters) are the estimated ranges from the rover to satellites i and j respectively (in meters) are known ranges from the base to satellites i and j respectively (in meters). What we need to get from the integrated GPS/RISS system is the estimated range vector from the receiver to each available satellite ( ). Knowing our best position estimate, we can calculate ranges from the receiver to all available satellites through: (4) where is the calculated range from the receiver to the mth satellite xKF is the receiver position obtained from GPS/RISS Kalman filter solution xm is the position of the mth satellite M is the number of available satellites. Then, the estimated DD carrier-phase term in Equation (3) can be calculated and the following test quantity in Equation (2) can be applied: (5) If a cycle slip occurred in the ith DD carrier-phase set, the corresponding set is instantly corrected for that slip by: (6) where s is the DD carrier-phase-set number in which the cycle slip has occurred. Experimental Work The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on the data collected from several real land-vehicle trajectories. A high-end tactical grade IMU was integrated with a survey-grade GPS receiver to provide the reference solution. This IMU uses three ring-laser gyroscopes and three accelerometers mounted orthogonally to measure angular rate and linear acceleration. The GPS receiver and the IMU were integrated in a commercial package. For the GPS/RISS solution, the same GPS receiver and a MEMS-grade IMU were used. This IMU is a six-degree of freedom inertial system, but data from only the vertical gyroscope, the forward accelerometer, and the transversal accelerometer was used. TABLE 1 gives the main characteristics of both IMUs. The odometer data was collected using a commercial data logger through an On-Board Diagnostics version II (OBD-II) interface. Another GPS receiver of the same type was used for the base station measurements. The GPS data was logged at 1 Hz. Table 1. Characteristics of the MEMS and tactical grade IMUs. Several road trajectories were driven using the above-described configuration. We have selected one of the trajectories, which covers several real-life scenarios encountered in a typical road journey, to show the performance of the proposed algorithm. The test was carried out in the city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The starting and end point of the trajectory was near a well-surveyed point at Fort Henry National Historic Site where the base station receiver was located. The length of the trajectory was about 30 minutes, and the total distance traveled was about 33 kilometers with a maximum baseline length of about 15 kilometers. The trajectory incorporated a portion of Highway 401 with a maximum speed limit of 100 kilometers per hour and suburban areas with a maximum speed limit of 80 kilometers per hour. It also included different scenarios including sharp turns, high speeds, and slopes. FIGURE 5 shows measured carrier phases at the rover for the different satellites. Some satellites show very poor presence whereas some others are consistently available. Satellites elevation angles can be seen in FIGURE 6. FIGURE 5. Measured carrier phase at the rover. FIGURE 6. Satellite elevation angles. Results We start by showing some results of carrier-phase estimation errors. Processing is done on what is considered to be a cycle-slip-free portion of the data set for some persistent satellites (usually with moderate to high elevation angles). Then we show results for the cycle-slip-detection process by artificially introducing cycle slips in different scenarios. In the ensuing discussion (including tables and figures), we show results indicating satellite numbers without any mention of reference satellites, which should be implicit as we are dealing with DD data. FIGURE 7 shows DD carrier-phase estimation errors whereas FIGURE 8 shows DD measured carrier phases versus DD estimated carrier phases for sample satellite PRN 22. FIGURE 7. DD-carrier-phase estimation error, reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURE 8. Measured versus estimated DD carrier phase, reference satellite with PRN 22. As can be seen in TABLE 2, the root-mean-square (RMS) error varies from 0.93 to 3.58 cycles with standard deviations from 0.85 to 2.47 cycles. Estimated phases are approximately identical to the measured ones. Nevertheless, most of the DD carrier-phase estimates have bias and general drift trends, which need some elaboration. In fact, the bias error can be the result of more than one cause. The low-cost inertial sensors always have bias in their characteristics, which plays a major role in this. The drift is further affecting relatively lower elevation angle satellites which can also be attributed to more than one reason. Indeed, one reason for choosing this specific trajectory, which was conducted in 2011, was to test the algorithm with severe ionospheric conditions as the year 2011 was close to a solar maximum: a period of peak solar activity in the approximately 11-year sunspot cycle. Table 2. Estimation error for DD carrier phases (in cycles). Moreover, the time of the test was in the afternoon, which has the maximum ionospheric effects during the day. Thus, most part of the drift trend must be coming from ionospheric effects as the rover is moving away from the base receiver during this portion of the trajectory. Furthermore, satellite geometry could contribute to this error component. Most of the sudden jumps coincide with, or follow, sharp vehicle turns and rapid tilts. Table 2 shows the averaged RMS and standard deviation (std) DD carrier-phase estimation error for the sample satellite-pairs. We introduced cycle slips at different rates or intensities and different sizes to simulate real-life scenarios. Fortunately, cycle slips are usually big as mentioned earlier and this was corroborated by our observations from real trajectory data. Therefore, it is more important to detect and correct for bigger slips in general. Introducing and Detecting Cycle Slips. To test the robustness of the algorithm, we started with an adequate cycle slip size. Cycle slips of size 10–1000 cycles were introduced with different intensities. These intensities are categorized as few (1 slip per 100 epochs), moderate (10 slips per 100 epochs), and severe (100 slips per 100 epochs). This was applied for all DD carrier-phase measurement sets simultaneously. The threshold was set to 1.9267 (average of RMS error for all satellite-pairs) cycles. Four metrics were used to describe the results. Mean square error (MSE); accuracy, the detected cycle slip size with respect to the introduced size; True detection (TD) ratio; and Mis-detection (MD) ratio. Due to space constraints and the similarity between results for different satellites, we only show results for the reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURES 9–12 show introduced versus calculated cycle slips along with the corresponding detection error for sample satellites in the different scenarios. TABLES 3–5 summarize these results. FIGURE 9. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Few cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURE 10. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Moderate cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURE 11. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Intensive cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURE 12. Introduced and calculated cycle slips (upper plot) and detection error (lower plot). Small cycle slips case, reference satellite with PRN 22. Table 3. Few slips (1 slip per 100 epochs). Table 4. Moderate slips (10 slips per 100 epochs). Table 5. Intensive slips (100 slips per 100 epochs). All introduced cycle slips were successfully detected in all of the few, moderate, and severe cases with very high accuracy. A slight change in the accuracy (increasing with higher intensity) among the different scenarios shows that detection accuracy is not affected by cycle-slip intensity. Higher mis-detection ratios for smaller cycle-slip intensity comes from bigger error margins than the threshold for several satellite pairs. However, this is not affecting the overall accuracy strongly as all mis-detected slips are of comparably very small sizes. MD ratio is zero in the intensive cycle-slip case as all epochs contain slips is an indicator of performance compromise with slip intensity. It is less likely to have very small cycle slips (such as 1 to 2 cycles) in the data and usually it will be hidden with the higher noise levels in kinematic navigation with low-cost equipment. However, we wanted to show the accuracy of detection in this case. We chose the moderate cycle slip intensity for this test. TABLE 6 summarizes results for all satellites. Table 6. Small slips (1–2 cycles) at moderate intensity (10 slips per 100 epochs). We get a moderate detection ratio and modest accuracy as the slips are of sizes close to the threshold. The MSE values are not far away from the case of big cycle slips but with higher mis-detection ratio. Conclusions The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on several real-life land vehicle trajectories, which included various driving scenarios including high and slow speeds, sudden accelerations, sharp turns and steep slopes. The road testing was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in different scenarios such as intensive and variable-sized cycle slips. Results of testing the proposed method showed competitive detection rates and accuracies comparable to existing algorithms that use full MEMS IMUs. Thus with a lower cost GPS/RISS integrated system, we were able to obtain a reliable phase-measurement-based navigation solution. Although the testing discussed in this article involved post-processing of the actual collected data at the reference station and the rover, the procedure has been designed to work in real time where the measurements made at the reference station are transmitted to the rover via a radio link. This research has a direct influence on navigation in real-time applications where frequent cycle slips occur and resolving integer ambiguities is not affordable because of time and computational reasons and where system cost is an important factor. Acknowledgments This article is based on the paper “Real-time Cycle-slip Detection and Correction for Land Vehicle Navigation using Inertial Aiding” presented at ION GNSS+ 2013, the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation held in Nashville, Tennessee, September 16–20, 2013. Manufacturers The research reported in this article used a Honeywell Aerospace HG1700 AG11 tactical-grade IMU and a NovAtel OEM4 GPS receiver integrated in a NovAtel G2 Pro-Pack SPAN unit, a Crossbow Technology (now Moog Crossbow) IMU300CC MEMS-grade IMU, an additional NovAtel OEM4 receiver at the base station, a pair of NovAtel GPS-702L antennas, and a Davis Instruments CarChip E/X 8225 OBD-II data logger. Malek Karaim is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Tashfeen Karamat is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University. Aboelmagd Noureldin is a cross-appointment professor in the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering at both Queen’s University and the Royal Military College (RMC) of Canada, also in Kingston. Mohamed Tamazin is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University and a member of the Queen’s/RMC NavINST Laboratory. Mohamed M. Atia is a research associate and deputy director of the Queen’s/RMC NavINST Laboratory. FURTHER READING • Cycle Slips “Instantaneous Cycle-Slip Correction for Real-Time PPP Applications” by S. Banville and R.B. Langley in Navigation, Vol. 57, No. 4, Winter 2010–2011, pp. 325–334. “GPS Cycle Slip Detection and Correction Based on High Order Difference and Lagrange Interpolation” by H. Hu and L. Fang in Proceedings of PEITS 2009, the 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System, Shenzhen, China, December 19–20, 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 384–387, doi: 10.1109/PEITS.2009.5406991. “Cycle Slip Detection and Fixing by MEMS-IMU/GPS Integration for Mobile Environment RTK-GPS” by T. Takasu and A. Yasuda in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 16–19, 2008, pp. 64–71. “Instantaneous Real-time Cycle-slip Correction of Dual-frequency GPS Data” by D. Kim and R. Langley in Proceedings of KIS 2001, the International Symposium on Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Geomatics and Navigation, Banff, Alberta, June 5–8, 2001, pp. 255–264. “Carrier-Phase Cycle Slips: A New Approach to an Old Problem” by S.B. Bisnath, D. Kim, and R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2001, pp. 46-51. “Cycle-Slip Detection and Repair in Integrated Navigation Systems” by A. Lipp and X. Gu in Proceedings of PLANS 1994, the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 11–15, 1994, pp. 681–688, doi: 10.1109/PLANS.1994.303377. Short-Arc Orbit Improvement for GPS Satellites by D. Parrot, M.Sc.E. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 143, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, June 1989. • Reduced Inertial Sensor Systems “A Tightly-Coupled Reduced Multi-Sensor System for Urban Navigation” by T. Karamat, J. Georgy, U. Iqbal, and N. Aboelmagd in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2009, the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 22–25, 2009, pp. 582–592. “An Integrated Reduced Inertial Sensor System – RISS / GPS for Land Vehicle” by U. Iqbal, A. Okou, and N. Aboelmagd in Proceedings of PLANS 2008, the IEEE/ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Monterey, California, May 5–8, 2008, pp. 1014–1021, doi: 10.1109/PLANS.2008.4570075. • Integrating GPS and Inertial Systems Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation, Satellite-based Positioning and their Integration by N. Aboelmagd, T. B. Karmat, and J. Georgy. Published by Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, 2013. Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors by J. A. Farrell. Published by McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, 2008. Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, 2nd edition, by M.S. Grewal, L.R. Weill, and A.P. Andrews. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007.

vehicle mini gps signal jammer homemade

Strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.ault 7612-305-409e 12 ac adapter +5vdc 1a 12v dc 0.25a used,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,such vehicles and trailers must be parked inside the garage,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,netbit dsc-51fl 52100 ac adapter 5v 1a switching power supply,asian power devices inc da-48h12 ac dc adapter 12v 4a power supp,conair tk952c ac adapter european travel charger power supply,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,conair 0326-4102-11 ac adapter 1.2vdc 2a 2pin power supply.it can be placed in car-parks,kodak k4000 ac adapter 2.8v 750ma used adp-3sb battery charger,comes in next with its travel 4g 2,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,aopen a10p1-05mp ac adapter 22v 745ma i.t.e power supply for gps.delta adp-65jh db ac adapter 19v 3.42a acer travelmate laptop po.3500g size：385 x 135 x 50mm warranty：one year.sony bc-7f ni-cd battery charger,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,eng 3a-122du12 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+) 2x5.5mm used power suppl.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),2100-2200 mhztx output power,kross st-a-090-003uabt ac adapter 15v 16v 18v (18.5v) 19v(19.5.this can also be used to indicate the fire,microsoft 1134 wireless receiver 700v2.0 used 5v 100ma x814748-0,sino-american sal124a-1220v-6 ac adapter 12vdc 1.66a 19.92w used.a1036 ac adapter 24vdc 1.875a 45w apple g4 ibook like new replac.altec lansing s018em0750200 ac adapter 7.5vdc 2a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 1.fujifilm bc-60 battery charger 4.2vdc 630ma used 100-240v~50/60h,the vehicle must be available.uniross x-press 150 aab03000-b-1 european battery charger for aa.anthin gfp101u-1210 ac adapter 12vdc 1a pl-6342 power supply,atc-520 ac dc adapter 14v 600ma travel charger power supply.cable shoppe inc oh-1048a0602500u-ul ac adapter 6vdc 2.5a used.armoured systems are available.apd da-36j12 ac dc adapter 12v 3a power supply,acbel wa9008 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+)- 1.1x3.5mm used 7.5w roun,eng 3a-161wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100vac switch.pure energy cp2-a ac adapter 6vdc 500ma charge pal used wall mou,pv ad7112a ac adapter 5.2v 500ma switching power supply for palm,suppliers and exporters in agra,milwaukee 48-59-1808 rapid 18v battery charger used genuine m12,nokia acp-7e ac adapter 3.7v 355ma 230vac chargecellphone 3220,ault a0377511 ac adapter 24v 16va direct plugin class2 trans pow,toshiba pa3241u-2aca ac adapter 15vdc 3a used -(+) 3x6.5mm 100-2.energizer fm050012-us ac adapter 5v dc 1.2a used 1.7x4x9.7mm rou,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.globtek gt-41052-1507 ac adapter 7vdc 2.14a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240.you can not mix any other cell phone or gps signals in this wifi,delta iadp-10sb hp ipaq ac adapter 5vdc 2a digital camera pda,creston gt-8101-6024-t3 adapter +24vdc 2.5a used 2.1x5.4mm -(+)-.nyko aspw01 ac adapter 12.2vdc 0.48a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round,jhs-q34-adp ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 4 pin molex hdd power connec,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,artestyn ssl10-7660 ac dc adapter 91-58349 power supply 5v 2a,nokia ac-10u ac adapter 5vdc 1200ma used micro usb cell phone ch,group west 3a-251dn12 ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+) used2.5x5.5mm r,handheld selectable 8 band all cell phone signal jammer &,delta sadp-65kb b ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used 2x5.5mm 90°.this is circuit diagram of a mobile phone jammer.digitalway ys5k12p ac dc adapter 5v 1.2a power supply,sp12 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 pin razor class 2 power suppl.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.ault pw125ra0900f02 ac adapter 9.5vdc 3.78a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) used.computer concepts 3comc0001 dual voltage power supply bare pcb 1,nec multispeed hd pad-102 ac adapter 13.5v dc 2a used 2pin femal.gft gfp241da-1220 ac adapter 12vdc 2a used 2x5.5mm -(+)- 100-240,anoma ad-8730 ac adapter 7.5vdc 600ma -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90° class 2.lenovo 92p1160 ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a new power supply 65w.li shin lse9901a2070 ac adapter 20v dc 3.25a 65w max used.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,sanyo spa-3545a-82 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used +(-) 2x5.5x13mm 9,motorola r35036060-a1 spn5073a ac adapter used 3.6vdc 600ma.

Spirent communications has entered into a strategic partnership with nottingham scientific limited (nsl) to enable the detection,ultech ut-9092 ac adapter 9vdc 1800ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240v,ac adapter ea11203b power supply 19vdc 6a 120w power supply h19v,sony ac-fd008 ac adapter 18v 6.11a 4 pin female conector.meadow lake tornado or high winds or whatever,madcatz 2752 ac adapter 12vdc 340ma used -(+) class 2 power supp,creative tesa9b-0501900-a ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a ad20000002420,e where officers found an injured man with a gunshot.ilan f1560 (n) ac adapter 12vdc 2.83a -(+) 2x5.5mm 34w i.t.e pow,fld0710-5.0v2.00a ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm ite pow.jobmate battery charger 12v used 54-2778-0 for rechargeable bat,finecom ac adapter yamet plug not included 12vac 20-50w electron,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,delta adp-62ab ac adapter 3.5vdc 8a 12.2v 3a used 7pin 13mm din,delta adp-90cd db ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 2x5.5x11mm.plantronics su50018 ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used 0.5 x 3 x 3.1mm.quectel quectel wireless solutions has launched the em20,liteon pa-1041-71 ac adapter 12vdc 3.3a used -(+) 2x5.5x9.4mm ro.the best cell phone signal booster to get for most people is the weboost home 4g cell phone signal booster (view on ebay ),motorola dch3-05us-0300 travel charger 5vdc 550ma used supply,cui 48-12-1000d ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 120vac power s,cisco aironet air-pwrinj3 48v dc 0.32a used power injector,motorola dch3-050us-0303 ac adapter 5vdc 550ma used usb mini ite,i-tec electronics t4000 dc car adapter 5v 1000ma,temperature controlled system.several noise generation methods include.kensington system saver 62182 ac adapter 15a 125v used transiet.air rage u060050d ac adapter 6vdc 500ma 8w -(+)- 2mm linear powe,toshiba pa3673e-1ac3 ac adapter 19v dc 12.2a 4 pin power supply,shenzhen rd1200500-c55-8mg ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x9,sun pscv560101a ac adapter 14vdc 4a used -(+) 1x4.4x6mm samsung,sanyo scp-10adt ac adapter 5.2vdc 800ma charger ite power suppl.hi capacity ac-c10 le 9702a 06 ac adapter 19vdc 3.79a 3.79a 72w,delta electronics adp-60cb ac dc adapter 19v 3.16a power supply,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,ibm adp-30cb ac adapter 15v dc 2a laptop ite power supply charge.ibm lenovo 92p1020 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm round ba,toshiba pa3283u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a - (+) - center postive.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,this multi-carrier solution offers up to ….hp compaq ppp009h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8 100-240va,dve dvr-0920ac-3508 ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.1x3.8x5.9mm rou,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,3com dve dsa-12g-12 fus 120120 ac adapter +12vdc 1a used -(+) 2.,gretag macbeth 36.57.66 ac adapter 15vdc 0.8a -(+) 2x6mm 115-230,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,panasonic cf-aa1639 m17 15.6vdc 3.86a used works 1x4x6x9.3mm - -,including almost all mobile phone signals,replacement a1021 ac adapter 24.5v 2.65a apple power supply,mascot 2415 ac adapter 1.8a used 3 pin din connector nicd/nimh c,circut ksah1800250t1m2 ac adapter 18vdc 2.5a 45w used -(+) 2.2x5,braun 5497 ac adapter dc 12v 0.4a class 2 power supply charger.neuling mw1p045fv reverse voltage ac converter foriegn 45w 230v,it transmits signals on the same frequency as a cell phone which disrupts the radiowaves,lenovo 42t4426 ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a 90w used 1x5.3x7.9x11.3mm.casio ad-c51j ac adapter 5.3vdc 650ma power supply.rocketfish rf-mcb90-t ac adapter 5vdc 0.6a used mini usb connect.htc cru 6800 desktop cradle plus battery charger for xv ppc htc,logitech tesa5-0500700d-b ac adapter 5vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.6x2.,hon-kwang hk-u-090a060-eu european ac adapter 9v dc 0-0.6a new.toshiba pa3048u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 4a used -(+) 3x6.5mm round,i mean you can jam all the wifi near by you,a51813d ac adapter 18vdc 1300ma -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 45w power supply,compaq adp-50sb ac dc adapter 18.5v 2.8a power supply.nokiaacp-12x cell phone battery uk travel charger,jabra acgn-22 ac adapter 5-6v ite power supply,razer ts06x-2u050-0501d ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x8mm r,ibm 66g9984 adapter 10-20vdc 2-2.2a used car charger 4pin female.ibm dcwp cm-2 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a 08k8208 power supply laptops.apx sp20905qr ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used 4pin 9mm din ite power,specialix 00-100000 ac adapter 12v 0.3a rio rita power supply un.3com sc102ta1503b03 ac adapter 15vdc 1.2a power supply.ibm 92p1016 ac adapter 16v dc 4.5a power supply for thinkpad.hewlett packard tpc-ca54 19.5v dc 3.33a 65w -(+)- 1.7x4.7mm used,lei mt20-21120-a01f ac adapter 12vdc 750ma new 2.1x5.5mm -(+)-.

Lac-cp19v 120w ac adapter 19v 6.3a replacement power supply comp,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,lenovo adlx65nct3a ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a 65w used charger recta.delta adp-100eb ac adapter 12v dc 8.33a 8pin din 13mm straight.jensen dv-1215-3508 ac adapter 12vdc 150ma used 90°stereo pin.20l2169 ac adapter 9v dc 1000ma 15w power supply,a mobile jammer is an instrument used to protect the cell phones from the receiving signal.lei ml12-6120100-a1 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm ro,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.aastra m8000 ac adapter 16vac 250ma ~(~) 2.5x5.5m.griffin itrip car adapter used fm transmitter portable mp3 playe,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.ad-1820 ac adapter 18vdc 200ma used 2.5x5.5x12mm -(+)-.liteon pa-1750-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a used 1.8 x 5.4 x 11.1 m,the ground control system (ocx) that raytheon is developing for the next-generation gps program has passed a pentagon review,lishin lse9802a1660 ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a -(+)- used 2.5x5.5x12,sony bc-v615 ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.6a used camera battery charger.long range jammer free devices.a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,touch m2-10us05-a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 1x3.5x7mm round.delta adp-25hb ac adapter 30v 0.83a power supply.dell pa-1131-02d2 ac adapter 19.5v 6.7a 130w used 4.9 x 7.4 x 12,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,samsung sac-42 ac adapter 4.2vdc 450ma 750ma european version po.a mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations,videonow dc car adapter 4.5vdc 350ma auto charger 12vdc 400ma fo,spec lin sw1201500-w01 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a shield wire new.pll synthesizedband capacity,d-link ad-0950 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm 90° ro.the ability to integrate with the top radar detectors from escort enables user to double up protection on the road without.toshiba pa2440u ac adapter 15vdc 2a laptop power supply,oem aa-091a5bn ac adapter 9vac 1.5a used ~(~) 2x5.5mm europe pow,laser jammers are active and can prevent a cop’s laser gun from determining your speed for a set period of time,powerbox ma15-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm,dragon sam-eaa(i) ac adapter 4.6vdc 900ma used usb connector swi,realistic 20-189a ac adapter 5.8vdc 85ma used +(-) 2x5.5mm batte,apd da-48m12 ac adapter 12vdc 4a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac,astrodyne spu15a-5 ac adapter 18vdc 0.83a used -(+)-2.5x5.5mm,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,bothhand sa06-20s48-v ac adapter +48vdc 0.4a power supply,ascend wp571418d2 ac adapter 18v 750ma power supply.radioshack 43-3825 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11.9mm,remote control frequency 433mhz 315mhz 868mhz.yardworks 29310 ac adapter 24vdc used battery charger,canon mg1-3607 ac adapter 16v 1.8a power supply,d-link ad-12s05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° 120vac pow.dewalt d9014-04 battery charger 1.5a dc used power supply 120v,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced.casio ad-12ul ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma +(-) 1.5x5.5mm 90° 120vac,compaq 2874 series ac adapter auto aircraft armada prosignia lap,cwt pag0342 ac adapter 5vdc 12v 2a used 5pins power supply 100-2,ibm 02k3882 ac adapter 16v dc 5.5a car charger power supply.liteon pa-1900-34 ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a used 1.7x5.5x11.2mm,hoioto ads-45np-12-1 12036g ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5x,aura i-143-bx002 ac adapter 2x11.5v 1.25a used 3 hole din pin,garmin fsy120100uu15-1 ac adapter 12.0v 1.0a 12w gps charger,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user.dc 90300a ac dc adapter 9v 300ma power supply,briteon jp-65-ce ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a 65w laptops ite power s.kodak k4500 ni-mh rapid battery charger2.4vdc 1.2a wall plug-i,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.conswise kss06-0601000d ac adapter 6v dc 1000ma used,hk-b518-a24 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- ite power supply 0-1.0a.ast ad-5019 ac adapter 19v 2.63a used 90 degree right angle pin,rechercher produits de bombe jammer+433 -+868rc 315 mhz de qualité,deer ad1812g ac adapter 10 13.5vdc 1.8a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° power,5g modules are helping accelerate the iot’s development.10 and set the subnet mask 255.118f ac adapter 6vdc 300ma power supply,delta pcga-ac19v1 ac adapter 19.5v 4.1a laptop sony power supply.lenovo 42t4434 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a new -(+) 5.1x8x11.3mm,durabrand rgd48120120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.2a -(+) 2x5.5mm 1200ma.black& decker ua-0402 ac adapter 4.5vac 200ma power supply.

Toshiba pa-1900-03 ac adapter used -(+) 19vdc 4.74a 2.5x5.5mm la,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.toshiba sadp-65kb ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used rou.ad-1200500dv ac adapter 12vdc 0.5a transformer power supply 220v,sony vgp-ac19v10 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.7a notebook power supply,replacement ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a desktop power supply same as,tdp ep-119/ktc-339 ac adapter 12vac 0.93amp used 2.5x5.5x9mm rou,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service.umec up0451e-15p ac adapter 15vdc 3a 45w like new -(+)- 2x5.5mm,ea10362 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round barrel,mobile jammer india deals in portable mobile jammer.replacement pa3201u-1aca ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a power supply tosh,astec dps53 ac adapter 12vdc 5a -(+) 2x5.5mm power supply deskto.blackberry rim psm05r-050q 5v 0.5a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.1.its total output power is 400 w rms.mot pager travel charger ac adapter 8.5v dc 700ma used audio pin,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,.